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Patho > Cancer (E1) > Flashcards

Cancer (E1) Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia

A

process of a tumor forming

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2
Q

in situ neoplasia

A

localized to one site

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3
Q

invasive neoplasm

A

non-localized, spread

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4
Q

cellular dysplasia

A

irregular, abnormal nuclei numbers or shape.
cells have higher mitotoc index than original tissue

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5
Q

benign tumor

A

has a capsule that contain the tumor

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6
Q

mailgnant tumor

A

spreads through the body

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7
Q

metastasis

A

fragment of tumor breaks off and travels via bloodstream or lymph to take over second site

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8
Q

what are the most commons sites that get metastasized

A

lungs, lymph nodes, and live, have small blood vessels and lots of capillaries

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9
Q

extravasation

A

branches into surrounding tissue

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10
Q

malignant

A

high mitotic index, cell are les differentiated

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11
Q

carcinoma

A

epithelial tissue derived, like skin cancer

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12
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

gland/duct derived

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13
Q

sarcoma

A

connective tissue derived

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14
Q

lymphoma

A

lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

leukemia

A

blood-forming tissue

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16
Q

teratoma

A

germ cell, can grow teeth, fingernail, hair

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17
Q

5 clinical stages of tumors

A

0- no evidence of tumor/cancer
1- confined to organ of origin
2- locally invasive
3- spread to regional structures
4- spread to more distant sites

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18
Q

TNM system

A

T- degree of tumor spread
N- lymph node involvement
M- presence of distant metastasis

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19
Q

Tumor marks

A

made in high amounts by cancer cells
can be used to screen high risk individuals
found on cancer cell membranes/ body fluids

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20
Q

multi- hit hypothesis

A

as cells get older the occurrence of genetic mutations increase

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21
Q

what does the multi-hit hypothesis explain

A

cancer prevalence increasing with age as older DNA has had more time to accumulate damage

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22
Q

clonal proliferation

A

cancer cells have a competitive advantage, outcompete normal cells and use more nutrition

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23
Q

autonomy with cancer cells

A

ignore bodies signals

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24
Q

Why are cancer cells able to metastisize

A

they have lost anchorage dependence and are able to survive even while not attached to a basement membrane

25
Q

Why are cancer cells able to stimulate themselves

A

‘inapprpriate’ autocrine signaling

26
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

controls cell growth, but something cancer cells do not have so they grow unihibited

27
Q

apoptosis pathways

A

trigger cells to self destruct, something cancer cells disable

28
Q

warburg effect

A

cancer cells take pyruvate to make amino acids and nucleotides for their own growth, rather than allowing it to go to the ETC. Takes nutrition from surrounding cells

29
Q

angiogenic factors

A

cancer cells able to secrete this that helps make new blood vessels

30
Q

how do cancer cells effect fibronectin synthesis

A

lessen its effect, fibronectin keeps tissue together and by lowering it synthesis, cells are able to better slip through tissue

31
Q

cell imortality

A

with cancer cells able to divide even with mutationa, result in increase of telomerase enzymes

32
Q

what can cause proto- oncogenes to be turned on

A

point mutations
chromosomal alteration/ amplifications
homozygosity
gene silencing (DNA methylation)
External pathogens (HPV w/ cervical cancer)
Inflammation-promoting chemicals
genetic predisposition

33
Q

Tumor- suppressor genes

A

antioncogenes,negatively regulate cell growth

34
Q

caretakes gene

A

repair damage to genes/ chromosomes, can help protect from cancer

35
Q

How do T-cells protect against cancer

A

are often able to recognize cancerous cells

36
Q

primary tumor

A

the primary source of metastasis

37
Q

organ tropism

A

a preference to metastasis in certain organs

38
Q

ecogenetics

A

study between environment and development of cancer

39
Q

xenobiotics

A

alien/foreign compounds that can exasperate compounds

40
Q

carcinogen

A

substance that can cause cancer

41
Q

common carcinogens (7)

A

tobacco use, radiation, electromagnetic fields, air pollution, obesity, alcohol, unsafe sexual behaviors

42
Q

cachexia

A

wasting syndrome, gaunt, manifestation of cancer

43
Q

how do cancer drugs cause anemia

A

they are often antimitotic, which lower the amount of cell division
leukopenia (low on white blood cells) or thrombocytopenia (low on platelets)

44
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes

A

specific clinical manifestations of cancer

45
Q

where do paraneoplastic syndromes develop/ what do they effect/cause

A

nervous system- physical sensation, numbness
central nervous system- cognitive/personality changes

46
Q

chemotherapy

A

any drug used to work against cancer

47
Q

single agent chemotherapy

A

uses single chemotherapautic agent

48
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

uses multiple agents

49
Q

principle of dose intensity

A

the more you take, the more profound of an effect it will have

50
Q

therapeutic index

A

the range of how much of a drug you can take that will be non toxic/harmful

51
Q

why dont cancer drugs have a poor therepautic index

A

the amount needed to have an effect is the same as the amount that become harmful.

52
Q

anti mitotic drugs

A

inhibits mitosis, but will effect all other highly mitotic cells like skin, hair, and blood

53
Q

anti angiogenic drugs

A

inhibit growth of new blood vessels and starve cancer of blood supply

54
Q

radiation

A

blasts cancer cells, but also damage surrounding cells

55
Q

surgeical removal of tumor

A

needs analysis of margins to see if cancer spread to surrounding tissues.

56
Q

immunotherapy

A

stimulating t-cells, supplementing immune system

57
Q

iatrogenic metastasis

A

with surgical removal of tumor, cancerous cells enter into blood stream

58
Q

side effects of cancer treatment

A

GI tract disruption
bone marrow suppression
alopecia
damage to gametes
dry skin

Patho (11 decks)

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