Cancer (E1)

Question 1

neoplasia

Answer 1

process of a tumor forming

Question 2

in situ neoplasia

Answer 2

localized to one site

Question 3

invasive neoplasm

Answer 3

non-localized, spread

Question 4

cellular dysplasia

Answer 4

irregular, abnormal nuclei numbers or shape.
cells have higher mitotoc index than original tissue

Question 5

benign tumor

Answer 5

has a capsule that contain the tumor

Question 6

mailgnant tumor

Answer 6

spreads through the body

Question 7

metastasis

Answer 7

fragment of tumor breaks off and travels via bloodstream or lymph to take over second site

Question 8

what are the most commons sites that get metastasized

Answer 8

lungs, lymph nodes, and live, have small blood vessels and lots of capillaries

Question 9

extravasation

Answer 9

branches into surrounding tissue

Question 10

malignant

Answer 10

high mitotic index, cell are les differentiated

Question 11

carcinoma

Answer 11

epithelial tissue derived, like skin cancer

Question 12

adenocarcinoma

Answer 12

gland/duct derived

Question 13

sarcoma

Answer 13

connective tissue derived

Question 14

lymphoma

Answer 14

lymphatic tissue

Question 15

leukemia

Answer 15

blood-forming tissue

Question 16

teratoma

Answer 16

germ cell, can grow teeth, fingernail, hair

Question 17

5 clinical stages of tumors

Answer 17

0- no evidence of tumor/cancer
1- confined to organ of origin
2- locally invasive
3- spread to regional structures
4- spread to more distant sites

Question 18

TNM system

Answer 18

T- degree of tumor spread
N- lymph node involvement
M- presence of distant metastasis

Question 19

Tumor marks

Answer 19

made in high amounts by cancer cells
can be used to screen high risk individuals
found on cancer cell membranes/ body fluids

Question 20

multi- hit hypothesis

Answer 20

as cells get older the occurrence of genetic mutations increase

Question 21

what does the multi-hit hypothesis explain

Answer 21

cancer prevalence increasing with age as older DNA has had more time to accumulate damage

Question 22

clonal proliferation

Answer 22

cancer cells have a competitive advantage, outcompete normal cells and use more nutrition

Question 23

autonomy with cancer cells

Answer 23

ignore bodies signals

Question 24

Why are cancer cells able to metastisize

Answer 24

they have lost anchorage dependence and are able to survive even while not attached to a basement membrane

Question 25

Why are cancer cells able to stimulate themselves

Answer 25

'inapprpriate' autocrine signaling

Question 26

density-dependent inhibition

Answer 26

controls cell growth, but something cancer cells do not have so they grow unihibited

Question 27

apoptosis pathways

Answer 27

trigger cells to self destruct, something cancer cells disable

Question 28

warburg effect

Answer 28

cancer cells take pyruvate to make amino acids and nucleotides for their own growth, rather than allowing it to go to the ETC. Takes nutrition from surrounding cells

Question 29

angiogenic factors

Answer 29

cancer cells able to secrete this that helps make new blood vessels

Question 30

how do cancer cells effect fibronectin synthesis

Answer 30

lessen its effect, fibronectin keeps tissue together and by lowering it synthesis, cells are able to better slip through tissue

Question 31

cell imortality

Answer 31

with cancer cells able to divide even with mutationa, result in increase of telomerase enzymes

Question 32

what can cause proto- oncogenes to be turned on

Answer 32

point mutations chromosomal alteration/ amplifications homozygosity gene silencing (DNA methylation) External pathogens (HPV w/ cervical cancer) Inflammation-promoting chemicals genetic predisposition

Question 33

Tumor- suppressor genes

Answer 33

antioncogenes,negatively regulate cell growth

Question 34

caretakes gene

Answer 34

repair damage to genes/ chromosomes, can help protect from cancer

Question 35

How do T-cells protect against cancer

Answer 35

are often able to recognize cancerous cells

Question 36

primary tumor

Answer 36

the primary source of metastasis

Question 37

organ tropism

Answer 37

a preference to metastasis in certain organs

Question 38

ecogenetics

Answer 38

study between environment and development of cancer

Question 39

xenobiotics

Answer 39

alien/foreign compounds that can exasperate compounds

Question 40

carcinogen

Answer 40

substance that can cause cancer

Question 41

common carcinogens (7)

Answer 41

tobacco use, radiation, electromagnetic fields, air pollution, obesity, alcohol, unsafe sexual behaviors

Question 42

cachexia

Answer 42

wasting syndrome, gaunt, manifestation of cancer

Question 43

how do cancer drugs cause anemia

Answer 43

they are often antimitotic, which lower the amount of cell division leukopenia (low on white blood cells) or thrombocytopenia (low on platelets)

Question 44

paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 44

specific clinical manifestations of cancer

Question 45

where do paraneoplastic syndromes develop/ what do they effect/cause

Answer 45

nervous system- physical sensation, numbness central nervous system- cognitive/personality changes

Question 46

chemotherapy

Answer 46

any drug used to work against cancer

Question 47

single agent chemotherapy

Answer 47

uses single chemotherapautic agent

Question 48

combination chemotherapy

Answer 48

uses multiple agents

Question 49

principle of dose intensity

Answer 49

the more you take, the more profound of an effect it will have

Question 50

therapeutic index

Answer 50

the range of how much of a drug you can take that will be non toxic/harmful

Question 51

why dont cancer drugs have a poor therepautic index

Answer 51

the amount needed to have an effect is the same as the amount that become harmful.

Question 52

anti mitotic drugs

Answer 52

inhibits mitosis, but will effect all other highly mitotic cells like skin, hair, and blood

Question 53

anti angiogenic drugs

Answer 53

inhibit growth of new blood vessels and starve cancer of blood supply

Question 54

radiation

Answer 54

blasts cancer cells, but also damage surrounding cells

Question 55

surgeical removal of tumor

Answer 55

needs analysis of margins to see if cancer spread to surrounding tissues.

Question 56

immunotherapy

Answer 56

stimulating t-cells, supplementing immune system

Question 57

iatrogenic metastasis

Answer 57

with surgical removal of tumor, cancerous cells enter into blood stream

Question 58

side effects of cancer treatment

Answer 58

GI tract disruption bone marrow suppression alopecia damage to gametes dry skin