Alterations of hormonal regulation (E1)

Question 1

what can cause hormonal alteration (5)

Answer 1

synthesis disorders
gland failure to recognize cellular need
inappropriate de/activation of hormone
dysfunctional delivery systems
recipient cells responding improperly

Question 2

Example of a dysfunctional delivery system

Answer 2

lipid hormones are hydrophobic and need a shuttle protein. If this does not work

Question 3

SIADH

Answer 3

in posterior pituitary
causes high antidiuretic hormone release, and body hold on to too much water

Question 4

Hyponatremia

Answer 4

sodium level too diluted from increased renal H20 retention, a result of SIADH

Question 5

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 5

posterior pituitary
not enough ADH, causes excessive urination

Question 6

polyuria

Answer 6

excessive urination

Question 7

polydipsia

Answer 7

excessive thirst

Question 8

neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 8

problem in nervous system, with posterior pituitary

Question 9

nephrogenic DI

Answer 9

problem lies with the kidneys

Question 10

psychogenic polydipsia

Answer 10

psychological compulsion to drink too much water

Question 11

panhypopituitarism

Answer 11

anterior pituitary
stops secreting essentially all hormones

Question 12

hypopituitary dwarfism

Answer 12

anterior pituitary
not making enough HGH (human growth hormone)

Question 13

growth hormone hypersecretion

Answer 13

anterior pituitary hyperpituitarism
acromegaly/giantism

Question 14

prolactinomas

Answer 14

anterior pituitary
inappropriate lactation

Question 15

hyperethyroidism

Answer 15

involves increases of secretion of THs

Question 16

goiter

Answer 16

enlarged neck from hyperthyroidism

Question 17

thyroid strom

Answer 17

stress induced hypersecretion of hormones

Question 18

graves disease

Answer 18

hyperthyroidism
body produces antibodies that mimic thyroid stimulating hormones
creates overstimulation of the thyroid

Question 19

hypothyroidism

Answer 19

decreased production by thyroid

Question 20

1st degree hypothyroidism

Answer 20

problem is within the thyroid

Question 21

2nd degree hypothyroidism

Answer 21

thyroid is not getting enough stimulation to make TH

Question 22

what often causes hypothyroidism

Answer 22

thyroiditis

Question 23

4 types of thyroiditis

Answer 23

acute, subacute, postpartum, autoimmune

Question 24

hashimotos

Answer 24

immune system attacks thyroid, hypothyroidism

Question 25

myxedema

Answer 25

manifestation of hypothyroidism in the face

Question 26

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 26

increased PTH production, results in hypercalcemia/hypercalciuria, and hypophosphatemia

Question 27

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 27

decreases PTH production, hypocalcemia

Question 28

diabetes mellitus

Answer 28

not enough glucose is being turned into glycogen, abnormality with insulin

Question 29

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 29

absolute insulin deficiency

Question 30

type 2 diabetes

Answer 30

insulin resistance, if diet is high in glucose, insulin will be constantly used and receptors will be come less receptive to insulin

Question 31

gestational diabetes

Answer 31

typically temporary, happens during pregnancy due to hormone cascades

Question 32

How to test for diabetes

Answer 32

HBA1c levels- if hemoglobin has a lot of glucose stuck to it, glucose levels are too high

Question 33

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 33

when body can use energy from glycogen, breaks down fats instead which causes ketones

Question 34

nonenzymatic glycosylation

Answer 34

complication of DM glucose is stuck to molecules that it shouldn't be

Question 35

hyperglycemia

Answer 35

complication of DM too high blood sugar glucose into polyol pathway, and oxidative stress is put on cells

Question 36

diabetic neuropathy

Answer 36

complication of DM tingling in peripherals

Question 37

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 37

complication of DM eye problems

Question 38

microvascular disease

Answer 38

complication of DM effects the blood stream and can cause gangrene/ necrosis in late stages

Question 39

cushings

Answer 39

adrenal disorder hypercortisolism increased adrenocorticotropic hormone increases cortisol diffuse weight gain

Question 40

hypocorticolism

Answer 40

decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone equals decreased cortisol idiopathic Addison's disease

Question 41

hyperaldosteronism

Answer 41

increased aldosterone, which regulates ions. hang on to too much sodium= too much water= increased blood pressure

Question 42

feminization

Answer 42

increased secretion of estrogens or increased breakdown of testosterones into estrogen by aromatase

Question 43

virilization

Answer 43

increased secretion of androgens