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Cell structure 1 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is the study of the function of the cell

A

Cell physiology

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2
Q

outer most membrane surrounding the cell, separating the internal contents from the extracellular

A

plasma membrane or cell membrane

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3
Q

cytoplasm is cytosol +

A

organelles

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4
Q

_____ thick, semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm which includes soluble proteins and enzymes, nutrients, ions and other small molecules

A

cytosol

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5
Q

______ highly organized structures suspended in the cytosol specialized for certain cellular activities

A

organelles

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6
Q

______ an organelle that is visible under the microscope and is the control center of the cell because the genes that code for proteins are located within it

A

nucleus

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7
Q

the cell membrane or plasma membrane surrounds the cell cytoplasm but allows transport of certain substances across it this is referred to as __________ or _________

A

selectively permeable or semi-permeable

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8
Q

_____ refers to many small parts fitting together

A

mosaic

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9
Q

_____ refers to the idea that the proteins seem to float in a sea of lipids

A

fluid

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10
Q

_____ is the most abundant component of the cell membrane

A

phospholipids

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11
Q

_______ possess polar and nonpolar ends

A

amphipathic

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12
Q

the phospholipids form a ____ (double layer)

A

bilayer

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13
Q

_____ are lipids possessing small, possibly branched carbohydrate chains

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

______ found in both inner and outer layers of the membrane

A

cholesterol

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15
Q

________or ______ are embedded in the membrane and may span both lipid layers

A

integral proteins, transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

_______ are not imbedded in the bilayer, but are found on the inner or outer surface of the membrane attached to integral proteins

A

peripheral proteins

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17
Q

_______ some substances (polar substances such as ions like K+ and Na+) cannot pass through the lipid bilayer so instead they diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other through pores in integral proteins which span the bilayer

A

channels

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18
Q

_______ or ______these are integral proteins which allow for the movement of larger polar substances (i.e. glucose, amino acids)

A

transporters/carriers

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19
Q

____ integral proteins serving as binding sites for substances such as hormones, neurotransmitters or nutrients

A

receptor

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20
Q

______some integral and peripheral proteins serve as enzymes to catalyze reactions

A

enzymes

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21
Q

_____ integral and peripheral proteins may serve as anchors for the filaments of the cytoskeleton providing strength and shape or ____ proteins can attach the cell to neighboring cells

A

linker

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22
Q

______ glycolipids and glycoproteins act in self-identification

A

cell identity markers

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23
Q

the plasma membrane is _____

A

selectively permeable

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24
Q

selectively permeable membrane can create different chemical compositions inside and outside the cell this is called a _________

A

concentration gradient

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25
Q

substances will move down concentration gradients, from an area of higher ion or molecular concentration to an area lower in concentration, until _____ is achieved

A

equilibrium

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26
Q

______ involves the movement of substances against gradients with the requirement of ATP

A

active transport

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27
Q

requirement for transport proteins (2)

A

mediated transport, nonmediated transport

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28
Q

substances move through the membrane with the help of _________

A

transporter proteins

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29
Q

_____ involves the movement of substances down gradients through kinetic energy of the molecules

A

passive transport

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30
Q

________substances move through the membrane with the help of transporter proteins

A

mediated transport

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31
Q

_______ substances can move through the membrane without the need of transporter proteins

A

nonmediated transport

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32
Q

______ tiny spherical vesicles detach or merge with the cell membrane to carry usually larger substances (cells, cell debris, large macromolecules) out of or into the cell

A

vesicular transport

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33
Q

____ is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane (that doesn’t permit movement of the solute) from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to an area of lower water concentration (higher solute concentration)

A

osmosis

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34
Q

osmosis is passive or active transport?

A

passive

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35
Q

____ is the passive movement of substances (solutes, solvent, gases) down their concentration (partial pressure) gradients

A

diffusion

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36
Q

polar substances require membrane proteins for diffusion. cannot cross the phospholipid bilayer so travel through ______in the proteins

A

channels

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37
Q

Diffusion rates are faster if the (4)

A

b. temperature is higher
c. molecules are small
d. surface area for diffusion is large
e. site of diffusion is thin

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38
Q

_________ occurs when a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side

A

facilitated diffusion

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39
Q

why is the glucose higher outside than inside the cell?

A

the cell needs a constant supply of glucose to make atp

40
Q

_________ is an energy-requiring process that moves solutes such as ions, amino acids, and monosaccharides against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

41
Q

kinetic energy is energy from______

42
Q

ATPase does what?

A

breaks down ATP

43
Q

sodium is higher or lower on the outside of the cell

44
Q

potassium is higher or lower on the outside of the cell

45
Q

______ a type of active transport mechanism involving vesicular transport

A

phagocytosis

46
Q

______ are small membranous sac containing liquid

47
Q

white blood cells will engulf cell debris, bacteria or viruses forming a vesicle called a ________

48
Q

phagocytosis is a form of ______ (endocytosis)

A

cell eating

49
Q

macrophage means_________ (phagocytosis)

50
Q

_______ export of substances from _______ to the outside of the cell

A

exocytosis, secretory vesicles

51
Q

_____ is movement through a cell using vesicles

A

transcytosis

52
Q

cytosol is the thick, semifluid portion of the cytoplasm situated outside the nucleus
also called the _________

A

intracellular fluid

53
Q

cytosol contains ______(such as fat globules and glycogen stores)

A

inclusions

54
Q

the cytosol is the medium in which many ________ take place

A

chemical reactions

55
Q

______ means “little organs”
they have characteristic shapes
they perform specific functions within the cell (such as generation of ATP)
vary in number and type depending on cell function

A

cellular organelles

56
Q

cell shape, movement and mechanical support is provided by the _________ which is a network of ______ fibres running through the cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton, protein

57
Q

______ are built from molecules of actin and they provide support and shape to the cell, movement within cells and movement of the entire cell (phagocytes)

A

microfilaments

58
Q

_______ are composed of several different proteins and function in support and to help anchor organelles such as the nucleus; keratin is one example

A

intermediate filaments

59
Q

_______are composed of tubulin protein and contribute to the shape and support of cells

A

microtubules

60
Q

microtubules are _____ than microfilaments

61
Q

microtubules also make up a _________for the movement of organelles and even the separation of chromosomes during cell division (mitotic spindle and paired centrioles)

A

monorail system

62
Q

____ and ____ both are composed of microtubules surrounded by the plasma membrane

A

cilia and flagella

63
Q

______ are numerous, short, hairlike projections extending from the surface of a cell and functioning to move materials across the surface of the cell

64
Q

_____ are similar to cilia but are much longer, usually moving an entire cell such as sperm cell tails

65
Q

______ are dense areas of cytoplasm located near the nucleus

A

centrosomes

66
Q

centrosomes consist of two parts _____ and _____

A

pericentriolar region, centrioles

67
Q

______ is an area of cytosol surrounding the centrioles with dense protein fibers

A

pericentriolar region

68
Q

_____ are paired cylinders arranged at right angles to one another

A

centrioles

69
Q

centrosomes serve as centers for organizing microtubules to form the _______ used in cell division.

A

mitotic spindle

70
Q

centrosomes are comprised of _______, but are of a different arrangement than the microtubules of the mitotic spindle which they organize

A

microtubles

71
Q

______ are composed of ribosomal RNA and several ribosomal proteins are produced in the _______

A

ribosomes, nucleolus

72
Q

_____ most numerous of the cell organelles

73
Q

DNA is translated from nucleic acid to ______

A

amino acid

74
Q

ribosomes translate mrna to ______

75
Q

_______ this membranous network (phospholipid bilayer with embedded macromolecules) is very extensive throughout the cytoplasm

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

76
Q

_____ is Latin for cytoplasmic network

A

endoplasmic reticulum

77
Q

___________ lacks ribosomes and possess many enzymes involved in processes such as detoxifying drugs such as alcohol and pesticides

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

_____________possesses bound ribosomes involved in the synthesis of proteins which are destined to be released from the cell (secretory proteins) and proteins to be inserted into membranes (membrane proteins)

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells, _______, is involved in calcium ion release and uptake during muscle contractions

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

80
Q

GERD stands for what

A

gastro esophageal reflux disease

81
Q

another membranous organelle composed of many stacks of flattened bags of membranes called _____ surrounded by tiny vesicles

82
Q

______ are membrane-bound vesicles released by the Golgi Complex which contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules such as carbohydrates and proteins

83
Q

lysosomes are used in _______ or the destruction of its host cell whether upon death or during _______

A

autolysis, programmed cell death

84
Q

lysosomes are also involved in _____

A

phagocytosis

85
Q

______ is a disorder of lysosome function

A

Tay-Sachs disease

86
Q

mitochondria is the site of ______

A

aerobic cellular respiration

87
Q

mitochondria make ____, have ____, Can _______ within the cell

A

ATP, DNA, replicate themselves

88
Q

the______is the control center of human cells

89
Q

the nucleus contains genetic information or ____

90
Q

the ______ are rod-shaped and are only visible during cell division

A

chromosomes

91
Q

when the cell isn’t dividing, the DNA is thin and diffuse and referred to as ______

92
Q

the ______ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer (similar to the plasma membrane) which possesses nuclear pores that permit ions and water soluble molecules to pass back and forth

A

nuclear envelope

93
Q

within the nucleus of a non-dividing cell are one or more organelles called _____ which function in the synthesis of ribosomes

94
Q

nucleus has a double ______ with pores.

95
Q

condensed chromatin is called ____

A

chromosomes

96
Q

Figure 3.1; p48 for quiz on generalized cell power point #68 cell structure and function

A

testable stuff; flagellum, cilium, free ribosomes, nucleolus, rough ER, Ribosome attached to ER, Golgi complex, mitochondrion, smooth ER, secretory vesicle, microvilli, plasma membrane

AP100 (15 decks)

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