building blocks of life Flashcards
six important life processes
metabolism, responsiveness, growth, differentiation, reproduction
metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes in the body anabolic and catabolic
anabolic reaction involved in the building of large complex organic molecules using ______
ATP
catabolic reactions opposite on anabolic, break down of large _____ _____ into simpler organic molecules liberating heat energy
organic molecules
responsiveness
the ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli
nerve cells respond to stimulus by generating a ___ ____
nerve impulse
muscle cells respond by ______
contracting
growth individual growth of a cell through increased synthesis of ____ ____ ______
cytoplasm organelles hyper trophy
differentiation a processes where a cell changes from a _____ to a _____ with specific function
unspecialized specialized
The fertilized egg starts as a single undifferentiated cell and through cell division and differentiation produces a multicellular ______
blastocyst
outer cells which eventually form epidermis of skin and nervous tissue
ectoderm
middle cells which eventually form muscle, connective tissue
mesoderm
inner cells which eventually form lining of digestive tract
endoderm
refers to the production of a new individual via sperm and eggs
Reproduction
Homeostasis means _____ _____
same / standing still
A ___ ____ is a cycle of events which involve continuously monitoring a ____ _____of the body and reporting back to a central control region
feedback system, controlled condition
If homeostasis is disrupted by stress, the stress is called the _______
stimulus
______ is any stimulus which disturbs homeostasis by creating an imbalance in the internal environment
Stress
______ monitors the changes in the controlled condition due to a stimulus and sends or inputs this information to the control center
Receptor
usually the _____ _____
determines the point at which the controlled condition such as heart rate, body temperature, should be maintained
Control Center
_____receives the information or output from the control center and produces a response which alters the controlled condition hopefully returning to homeostasis
Effector
3 basic components of a feedback system
receptor, control center, effector
If the response reverses the original stimulus the feedback system is described as a
negative feedback system
If the response enhances the original stimulus the feedback system is described as a
positive feedback system
2 examples of a positive feedback system
blood clotting, labour
an abnormality of function
Disorder
is an illness characterized by specific signs and symptoms
Disease
subjective changes in body function that are not observable
symptoms
changes that can be observed and measured
signs
____ ____ defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell
body fluids
fluid in which substances dissolve is water
solvent
dissolved in the water include gases, nutrients and ions (Na+ and Cl-)
solutes
ECF between cells but inside tissues
Interstitial Fluid
_____ is the extracellular fluid of blood
plasma
_____ _____ found in the spaces between all cells of the body
interstitial fluid
_____ contains interstitial fluid that needs to be returned to blood, as well as lipids and immune cells
lymph
other extracellular fluids (4)
cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, serous fluid, humours of the eyes
list CHON
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
__________ hold together atoms forming a stable molecule or compound
chemical bonds
sodium _____ an electron and chlorine _____one
loses, gains
what two atoms make up an ionic bond?
NaCl
_________ 2 or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them i.e. glucose, water, carbon dioxide
Covalent Bonds
_________ dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+, also known as protons) and anions in water
acids
_______ dissociate into hydroxide ions (OH-) and cations in water
bases
______ convert strong acids or bases into weaker acids or bases in order to bring the pH back to near neutral
buffers
the pH of blood plasma *
7.35-7.45
____ are shared in pairs in a covalent bond
electrons
polar bonds are hydrophobic or hydro phillic
hydrophilic
non polar bonds hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
_________ one of the most important inorganic compounds of living organisms is
water
water makes up what percentage of the human body
55-60%
water is polar or non polar
polar
polar substances attracted to water molecules are ________
hydrophilic
_____ molecules lack charged components and they will not dissolve in water
non polar
non-polar substances are hydrophobic or philic
hydrophobic
hydrophobic action of non-polar substances is the biochemical compounds that make up cell membranes of all living things which are called ___________
phospholipids
Water exhibits ______ which is the tendency of molecules to stick together
cohesion
water molecules link together resulting in a high _____
surface tension
Water is a ______ which allows structures to slide past each other without creating friction
lubricant
Most organic molecules are large macromolecules or _____
polymers
Reactions that involve the breakdown of macromolecules into their monomers are called _______________
catabolic reactions
Reactions that involve the building of macromolecules from monomers are called _____________
anabolic reactions
_________ is the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic biochemical reactions in the body
Metabolism
polymers are built by joining together monomers in a process called __________
dehydration synthesis
polymers are broken down into their subunits in a process called ______
hydrolysis
plants remove water in a reaction called _________
dehydration synthesis
____________ involves the breakdown of the glucose to release the stored energy, producing ATP
cellular respiration
name 3 monosaccharides *
fructose, galactose, glucose
Sugars not used for fuel or synthesis of other organic molecules are stored in the form of _______
disaccharides
3 disaccharides *
lactose, sucrose, maltose
Large carbohydrate polymers are called ________
polysaccharides
polysaccharides are formed through the process of dehydration synthesis and are storage forms of polysaccharides include _____ , ________, _______ *
cellulous, starch, glycogen
