building blocks of life part 2 the sequel

Question 1

Fats (solid) and oils (liquid) are composed of the monomers _____ and ________

Answer 1

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 2

_____ do not have any double bonds in the fatty acids

Answer 2

saturated fats

Question 3

_________ possess a single double (covalent) bond

Answer 3

monosaturated fats

Question 4

______refers to the incomplete saturation of carbons with hydrogen

Answer 4

unsaturated

Question 5

_______means that there are 2 or more double bonds in the chain

Answer 5

polyunsaturated

Question 6

The process of _______ yields _________which are expecially bad in contributing to fatty plaque buildup in a person’s arteries

Answer 6

hydrogenation, trans-fatty acids

Question 7

______ are similar to triglycerides, but have only two fatty acid chains instead of three and _______ is attached to glycerol in place of one fatty acid

Answer 7

phospholidips, phosphate group

Question 8

_____ means possesses polar and non-polar ends

Answer 8

amphipathic

Question 9

___________ is used by animals to make steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone

Answer 9

cholesterol

Question 10

______ are derived from the male androgen testosterone and build bone and muscle tissue

Answer 10

anabolic steroids

Question 11

________ consist of polar proteins combined with non-polar lipids to transport those lipids in blood plasma which is mostly water and therefore polar

Answer 11

lipoproteins

Question 12

Proteins contain what 4 elements

Answer 12

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 13

proteins are structurally complex, each with a unique __________

Answer 13

3D shape

Question 14

the monomers of proteins are called ______

Answer 14

amino acids

Question 15

Proteins consist of one or more _____chains twisted and folded together

Answer 15

polypeptide

Question 16

The 3D shape of proteins can be destroyed or ____ by variations in the pH, temperature, and salt concentration of their environment

Answer 16

denatured

Question 17

4-10 amino acids joined is a _____

Answer 17

peptide

Question 18

name the 4 peptides

Answer 18

dipeptide, tripeptide, peptide, polypeptide

Question 19

The 3D shape of proteins can be destroyed or _______ by variations in the pH, temperature, and salt concentration of their environment

Answer 19

denatured

Question 20

Enzymes _____ chemical reactions in living cells

Answer 20

catalyze

Question 21

enzymes function to make chemical reactions take place with less input energy
they do this by ____ _____ __ _____ ____by decreasing the randomness of the collisions between molecules

Answer 21

lowering the activation energy

Question 22

the substance being modified is (are) called the _____ or ______

Answer 22

substrate(s) or reactant(s)

Question 23

the substance converted by the enzyme into the ______

Answer 23

product(s)

Question 24

only a small portion of the enzyme binds to the substrate(s) this region is called the _____ ____and it is a depression in the 3 dimensional enzyme shaped for a specific substrate

Answer 24

active site

Question 25

when the substrate fits in the active site, it fits snugly like a lock and key mechanism referred to as the _______

Answer 25

induced fit

Question 26

______are very efficient
they catalyze reactions at much greater rates than reactions lacking the enzyme

Answer 26

Enzymes

Question 27

______activity is subject to cellular controls
the genes coding for the enzymes can be turned on or off or substances within the cell can alter the enzymatic activity

Answer 27

Enzyme

Question 28

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following ________

Answer 28

reversible reaction

Question 29

Some molecules are _______ which either fit into the active site and do not leave (block the site) or alter the shape of the enzyme molecule so the substrate can no longer fit into the active site

Answer 29

enzyme inhibitors

Question 30

_______ are huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Answer 30

nucleic acids

Question 31

______ forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime.

Answer 31

DNA

Question 32

______relays instructions from the genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes.

Answer 32

RNA

Question 33

is the genetic material in the nucleus of cells

Answer 33

DNA

Question 34

____ are segments of DNA that code for proteins, via an mRNA intermediate

Answer 34

genes

Question 35

DNA is double-stranded and twisted forming a _____

Answer 35

double helix

Question 36

______(messenger RNA) is ______ from DNA, is single-stranded and relays information from genes in the nucleus to the machinery in the cytoplasm that makes proteins

Answer 36

mRNA , transcribed

Question 37

DNA contains nitrogenous bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine, and ______

Answer 37

thymine

Question 38

____cannot replicate itself; it is made from a DNA template

Answer 38

RNA

Question 39

_____ acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein production

Answer 39

RNA

Question 40

_____ is single stranded

Answer 40

RNA

Question 41

RNA contains nitrogenous bases: cytosine, guanine adenine, and ____

Answer 41

uracil

Question 42

How many phosphate molecules in ATP

Answer 42

3, Adenosine TRIphosphate

Question 43

page 5-page 13 in notes quiz Thursday

Question 44

7 fill in the blank 8 for multiple choice

Question 45

list any 3 of the six functions of proteins *probably extra credit

Answer 45

structural support, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic