building blocks of life part 2 the sequel Flashcards
Fats (solid) and oils (liquid) are composed of the monomers _____ and ________
glycerol and fatty acids
_____ do not have any double bonds in the fatty acids
saturated fats
_________ possess a single double (covalent) bond
monosaturated fats
______refers to the incomplete saturation of carbons with hydrogen
unsaturated
_______means that there are 2 or more double bonds in the chain
polyunsaturated
The process of _______ yields _________which are expecially bad in contributing to fatty plaque buildup in a person’s arteries
hydrogenation, trans-fatty acids
______ are similar to triglycerides, but have only two fatty acid chains instead of three and _______ is attached to glycerol in place of one fatty acid
phospholidips, phosphate group
_____ means possesses polar and non-polar ends
amphipathic
___________ is used by animals to make steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone
cholesterol
______ are derived from the male androgen testosterone and build bone and muscle tissue
anabolic steroids
________ consist of polar proteins combined with non-polar lipids to transport those lipids in blood plasma which is mostly water and therefore polar
lipoproteins
Proteins contain what 4 elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
proteins are structurally complex, each with a unique __________
3D shape
the monomers of proteins are called ______
amino acids
Proteins consist of one or more _____chains twisted and folded together
polypeptide
The 3D shape of proteins can be destroyed or ____ by variations in the pH, temperature, and salt concentration of their environment
denatured
4-10 amino acids joined is a _____
peptide
name the 4 peptides
dipeptide, tripeptide, peptide, polypeptide
The 3D shape of proteins can be destroyed or _______ by variations in the pH, temperature, and salt concentration of their environment
denatured
Enzymes _____ chemical reactions in living cells
catalyze
enzymes function to make chemical reactions take place with less input energy
they do this by ____ _____ __ _____ ____by decreasing the randomness of the collisions between molecules
lowering the activation energy
the substance being modified is (are) called the _____ or ______
substrate(s) or reactant(s)
the substance converted by the enzyme into the ______
product(s)
only a small portion of the enzyme binds to the substrate(s) this region is called the _____ ____and it is a depression in the 3 dimensional enzyme shaped for a specific substrate
active site
when the substrate fits in the active site, it fits snugly like a lock and key mechanism referred to as the _______
induced fit
______are very efficient
they catalyze reactions at much greater rates than reactions lacking the enzyme
Enzymes
______activity is subject to cellular controls
the genes coding for the enzymes can be turned on or off or substances within the cell can alter the enzymatic activity
Enzyme
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following ________
reversible reaction
Some molecules are _______ which either fit into the active site and do not leave (block the site) or alter the shape of the enzyme molecule so the substrate can no longer fit into the active site
enzyme inhibitors
_______ are huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
nucleic acids
______ forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime.
DNA
______relays instructions from the genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cell’s assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes.
RNA
is the genetic material in the nucleus of cells
DNA
____ are segments of DNA that code for proteins, via an mRNA intermediate
genes
DNA is double-stranded and twisted forming a _____
double helix
______(messenger RNA) is ______ from DNA, is single-stranded and relays information from genes in the nucleus to the machinery in the cytoplasm that makes proteins
mRNA , transcribed
DNA contains nitrogenous bases: cytosine, guanine, adenine, and ______
thymine
____cannot replicate itself; it is made from a DNA template
RNA
_____ acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein production
RNA
_____ is single stranded
RNA
RNA contains nitrogenous bases: cytosine, guanine adenine, and ____
uracil
How many phosphate molecules in ATP
3, Adenosine TRIphosphate
page 5-page 13 in notes quiz Thursday
7 fill in the blank 8 for multiple choice
list any 3 of the six functions of proteins *probably extra credit
structural support, regulatory, contractile, immunological, transport, catalytic
