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Histo LEC > cell part 2 > Flashcards

cell part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

PARTS OF THE CELL

A

CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS

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2
Q

What’s in the cytoplasm?

A

Organelles
Cytosol
(Inclusion Bodies)

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3
Q

separates the interior and exterior environments of the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

is enclosed by the cell membrane components

A

CYTOPLASM

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5
Q

solid structures/ portions inside the cell

A

Organelles

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6
Q

liquid portion containing the organelles

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

not usually surrounded by plasma membrane contents are divers

A

Inclusion Bodies

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8
Q

largest organelle
not always circular/spherical in shape

A

NUCLEUS

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9
Q

LOCATION of NUCLEUS

A

Central or often Eccentric in some cells

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10
Q

accumulate fats, pushing the nucleus and other organelles to the periphery, compressing the nucleus and making the cell resemble a “signet ring”

A

Adipose cells

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11
Q

circular structure found inside the Nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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12
Q
  • Most commonly stains used in histology
A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

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13
Q

Solid structures that do not perform specific function

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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14
Q

May or may not be present in the cell; often mistaken as organelles

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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15
Q

Most are stored nutrients or deposited waste product

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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16
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

A

Lipofuscin
Glycogen
Hemosiderin
Lipids/Fat globules
Melanin

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17
Q

When lipids and proteins inside the cells are oxidized, digested by the lysosome, solid waste products remains as

A

Lipofuscin

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18
Q

Yellow-brown pigment composed of residues of lysosomal digestion/cellular senescence (aging), thus also called “Wear and tear” pigment

A

Lipofuscin

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19
Q

Accumulates through the years
The older the cell the higher the content of lipofuscin.

A

Lipofuscin

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20
Q

if the cell with lipofuscin will undergo ____, the daughter cells will not contain any lipofuscin.

A

mitosis

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Post-mitotic cells, or cells that do not divide or stopped dividing obviously contains a lot of accumulated lipofuscin.
Give 3 examples:

A

Neurons
Cardiac Muscles
Skeletal Muscles

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Short-term storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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25
Q

Glycogen is stored in

A

(striated) skeletal muscles and liver

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26
Q

True oor False | Glycogen iis stained with H & E

A

False, it is stained with PAS - periodic acid schiff

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27
Q

Which inclusion body needs a special stain?

A

Glycogen - periodic acid schiff (imparts RED color to glycogen) seen using the light microscope

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28
Q

Iron-storage complex found within the cytoplasm of many cells.

A

Hemosiderin

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29
Q

Breakdown product of hemoglobin

A

Hemosiderin

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30
Q

Whenever red cells are destroyed, they release hemoglobin and it will be digested and become indigestible residue

A

Hemosiderin

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31
Q

Hemosiderin exhibits what color?

A

Brown

32
Q

What color is lipofuscin?

A

Yellow-Brown

33
Q

Form in the areas where RBCs are destroyed, like the spleen. (RBCs that are old loses cellular flexibility and trapped in the spleen for macrophage destruction)

A

Hemosiderin

34
Q

where aged erythrocytes are phagocytosed

A

Spleen

35
Q

Alveolar macrophages in the lung tissue - after pulmonary infection engulfs leaked hemoglobin after hemorrhage

Presence of ________ in the alveoli would tell you that there have been previous bleeding in the area of the lungs.

A

hemosiderin

36
Q

If patient has tuberculosis, the tb bacilli will destroy the blood vessels, causing it to explode
To clear it up, alveolar macrophage will destroy rbc and hemoglobin will be digested → _________

A

hemosiderin

37
Q

Usually nutritive inclusions that provide energy for cellular metabolism

A

Lipids/Fat globules

38
Q

Mostly very huge that it consumes the majority of cytoplasmic volume

A

Lipids/Fat globules

39
Q

Alcohol and xylene in the sample preparation dissolves the ____, and leaves empty spaces in the cell.

A

fats

40
Q

Found in the skin tissues (stratified squamous epithelium)
Usually confused with lipofuscin, but ______ is predominant in the skin.

A

melanin

41
Q

VESICULAR TRANSPORT:

A

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

42
Q

Cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell (vesicular transport).

Internalized material is surrounded by an area of cell membrane which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing ingested material.

Controls the composition of the plasma membrane and the cellular response to changes in the external environment.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

42
Q

ENDOCYTOSIS

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

43
Q

Play key roles in nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and cell shape changes

The vesicle formed as part of the cell membrane.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

44
Q

Engulfment of bacteria, protozoa, dead cells, and unneeded extracellular constituents such as cell debris and other foreign materials

A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

What cells do phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

46
Q

“Cell drinking”; Fluid-phase endocytosis.

Small invaginations of the cell membrane form and entraps fluids which are then enclosed in vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

47
Q

THE ENGULFED SUBSTANCE MUST BE METABOLIZED

Nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein molecules via small vesicles, usually smaller than 150 m in diameter.

Performed by virtually every cell in the organism, and it is constitutive.

A

Pinocytosis

48
Q

The mechanism proposed for vesicle formation in pinocytosis is associated with the presence of ______ and _____ proteins that are found in lipid rafts.

A

caveolin and flotillin proteins

49
Q

Allows entry of specific molecules into the cell by binding of ligand/target molecule to the receptors causing widely dispersed receptors to aggregate

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

50
Q

These regions, which are represented by the lipid rafts in the plasma membrane, eventually become _______.

A

coated pits

51
Q

is the process by which a vesicle moves from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it discharges its contents to the extracellular space.

A

EXOCYTOSIS

52
Q

Sorting and packaging the secretory product into transport vesicles that are destined to fuse with the plasma membrane.

Recycling of vesicles back to cell membrane

A

EXOCYTOSIS

53
Q

Site for intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular compartments

A

Lysosomes

54
Q

Membrane-bound digestive organelle that is rich in hydrolytic enzymes:

A

Proteases
Nucleases
Glycosidases
Lipases
Phospholipases

55
Q

Site for ATP production

A

Mitochondria

56
Q
A
57
Q

Mitochondria Numerous in

A

Striated Cardiac muscle cells
Cells of the proximal convoluted kidney tubules
Middle piece of the sperm

58
Q

Contains 13 enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation pathways, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs used in translocation of mitochondrial mRNA

A

mitochondria

59
Q

Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. o Studded with ribosomes.

A

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

60
Q
  • series of interconnected sacs found within the endoplasmic reticulum.
A

Cistern/Cisternae

61
Q

Cistern of RER =

A

SACCULAR

62
Q

Devoid of ribosomes, thus the name “smooth”

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

63
Q

Cistern of SER=

A

Tubular

64
Q

Functions:
Lipid synthesis
Drug and Alcohol Metabolism
Sequesters Calcium in the muscles (Sarcoplasmic reticulum)

A

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

65
Q

Modify, store and package proteins synthesized from the rough ER until such time protein will become functional/ mature.

A

Golgi apparatus

66
Q

Determine where the protein is transported

A

Golgi apparatus

67
Q
  • set of membrane bound sacs/ folds IN GOLGI APPARATUS
A

Cisternae

68
Q

2 Faces of Golgi apparatus

A

cis-Golgi network (CGN)
trans-Golgi network (TGN)

69
Q

The flattened cisternae located closest to the rER represent the forming face.

Faces the rough ER

Receives the vesicles containing immature proteins from the rough ER

A

cis-Golgi network (CGN)

70
Q

The cisternae located away from the rER represent the maturing face.

Where the packaged proteins exit out

A

trans-Golgi network (TGN)

71
Q

Not an organelle but a small abundant protein complex present in cytoplasm

An enzyme that degrades, denatured, misfolded, and non-functional polypeptides into small polypeptides and amino acids.

A

Proteasomes

72
Q

Removes proteins that are no longer useful in the cell.

Cylindrical structures

Composed of rings of proteases enzymes

Terminal ends of the structure recognizes proteins with ubiquitin attached

A

Proteasomes

73
Q

protein that searches for any denatured or misfolded protein.

A

Ubiquitin

74
Q

Main function is to produce the mitotic spindle fiber during cell division

A

Centrioles

75
Q

Two non-membranous cylindrical structures composed of microtubules

Composed of __ _____microtubules each

A

Centrioles

9 triplets

Histo LEC (26 decks)

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