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cell part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

PARTS OF THE CELL

A

CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS

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2
Q

What’s in the cytoplasm?

A

Organelles
Cytosol
(Inclusion Bodies)

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3
Q

separates the interior and exterior environments of the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

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4
Q

is enclosed by the cell membrane components

A

CYTOPLASM

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5
Q

solid structures/ portions inside the cell

A

Organelles

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6
Q

liquid portion containing the organelles

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

not usually surrounded by plasma membrane contents are divers

A

Inclusion Bodies

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8
Q

largest organelle
not always circular/spherical in shape

A

NUCLEUS

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9
Q

LOCATION of NUCLEUS

A

Central or often Eccentric in some cells

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10
Q

accumulate fats, pushing the nucleus and other organelles to the periphery, compressing the nucleus and making the cell resemble a “signet ring”

A

Adipose cells

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11
Q

circular structure found inside the Nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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12
Q
  • Most commonly stains used in histology
A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

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13
Q

Solid structures that do not perform specific function

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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14
Q

May or may not be present in the cell; often mistaken as organelles

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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15
Q

Most are stored nutrients or deposited waste product

A

INCLUSION BODIES

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16
Q

INCLUSION BODIES

A

Lipofuscin
Glycogen
Hemosiderin
Lipids/Fat globules
Melanin

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17
Q

When lipids and proteins inside the cells are oxidized, digested by the lysosome, solid waste products remains as

A

Lipofuscin

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18
Q

Yellow-brown pigment composed of residues of lysosomal digestion/cellular senescence (aging), thus also called “Wear and tear” pigment

A

Lipofuscin

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19
Q

Accumulates through the years
The older the cell the higher the content of lipofuscin.

A

Lipofuscin

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20
Q

if the cell with lipofuscin will undergo ____, the daughter cells will not contain any lipofuscin.

A

mitosis

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Post-mitotic cells, or cells that do not divide or stopped dividing obviously contains a lot of accumulated lipofuscin.
Give 3 examples:

A

Neurons
Cardiac Muscles
Skeletal Muscles

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Short-term storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

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25
Glycogen is stored in
(striated) skeletal muscles and liver
26
True oor False | Glycogen iis stained with H & E
False, it is stained with PAS - periodic acid schiff
27
Which inclusion body needs a special stain?
Glycogen - periodic acid schiff (imparts RED color to glycogen) seen using the light microscope
28
Iron-storage complex found within the cytoplasm of many cells.
Hemosiderin
29
Breakdown product of hemoglobin
Hemosiderin
30
Whenever red cells are destroyed, they release hemoglobin and it will be digested and become indigestible residue
Hemosiderin
31
Hemosiderin exhibits what color?
Brown
32
What color is lipofuscin?
Yellow-Brown
33
Form in the areas where RBCs are destroyed, like the spleen. (RBCs that are old loses cellular flexibility and trapped in the spleen for macrophage destruction)
Hemosiderin
34
where aged erythrocytes are phagocytosed
Spleen
35
Alveolar macrophages in the lung tissue - after pulmonary infection engulfs leaked hemoglobin after hemorrhage Presence of ________ in the alveoli would tell you that there have been previous bleeding in the area of the lungs.
hemosiderin
36
If patient has tuberculosis, the tb bacilli will destroy the blood vessels, causing it to explode To clear it up, alveolar macrophage will destroy rbc and hemoglobin will be digested → _________
hemosiderin
37
Usually nutritive inclusions that provide energy for cellular metabolism
Lipids/Fat globules
38
Mostly very huge that it consumes the majority of cytoplasmic volume
Lipids/Fat globules
39
Alcohol and xylene in the sample preparation dissolves the ____, and leaves empty spaces in the cell.
fats
40
Found in the skin tissues (stratified squamous epithelium) Usually confused with lipofuscin, but ______ is predominant in the skin.
melanin
41
VESICULAR TRANSPORT:
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
42
Cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell (vesicular transport). Internalized material is surrounded by an area of cell membrane which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing ingested material. Controls the composition of the plasma membrane and the cellular response to changes in the external environment.
ENDOCYTOSIS
42
ENDOCYTOSIS
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
43
Play key roles in nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and cell shape changes The vesicle formed as part of the cell membrane.
ENDOCYTOSIS
44
Engulfment of bacteria, protozoa, dead cells, and unneeded extracellular constituents such as cell debris and other foreign materials
Phagocytosis
45
What cells do phagocytosis?
Neutrophils and macrophages
46
“Cell drinking"; Fluid-phase endocytosis. Small invaginations of the cell membrane form and entraps fluids which are then enclosed in vesicles.
Pinocytosis
47
THE ENGULFED SUBSTANCE MUST BE METABOLIZED Nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein molecules via small vesicles, usually smaller than 150 m in diameter. Performed by virtually every cell in the organism, and it is constitutive.
Pinocytosis
48
The mechanism proposed for vesicle formation in pinocytosis is associated with the presence of ______ and _____ proteins that are found in lipid rafts.
caveolin and flotillin proteins
49
Allows entry of specific molecules into the cell by binding of ligand/target molecule to the receptors causing widely dispersed receptors to aggregate
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
50
These regions, which are represented by the lipid rafts in the plasma membrane, eventually become _______.
coated pits
51
is the process by which a vesicle moves from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it discharges its contents to the extracellular space.
EXOCYTOSIS
52
Sorting and packaging the secretory product into transport vesicles that are destined to fuse with the plasma membrane. Recycling of vesicles back to cell membrane
EXOCYTOSIS
53
Site for intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular compartments
Lysosomes
54
Membrane-bound digestive organelle that is rich in hydrolytic enzymes:
Proteases Nucleases Glycosidases Lipases Phospholipases
55
Site for ATP production
Mitochondria
56
57
Mitochondria Numerous in
Striated Cardiac muscle cells Cells of the proximal convoluted kidney tubules Middle piece of the sperm
58
Contains 13 enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation pathways, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs used in translocation of mitochondrial mRNA
mitochondria
59
Continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. o Studded with ribosomes.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
60
- series of interconnected sacs found within the endoplasmic reticulum.
Cistern/Cisternae
61
Cistern of RER =
SACCULAR
62
Devoid of ribosomes, thus the name "smooth"
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
63
Cistern of SER=
Tubular
64
Functions: Lipid synthesis Drug and Alcohol Metabolism Sequesters Calcium in the muscles (Sarcoplasmic reticulum)
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
65
Modify, store and package proteins synthesized from the rough ER until such time protein will become functional/ mature.
Golgi apparatus
66
Determine where the protein is transported
Golgi apparatus
67
- set of membrane bound sacs/ folds IN GOLGI APPARATUS
Cisternae
68
2 Faces of Golgi apparatus
cis-Golgi network (CGN) trans-Golgi network (TGN)
69
The flattened cisternae located closest to the rER represent the forming face. Faces the rough ER Receives the vesicles containing immature proteins from the rough ER
cis-Golgi network (CGN)
70
The cisternae located away from the rER represent the maturing face. Where the packaged proteins exit out
trans-Golgi network (TGN)
71
Not an organelle but a small abundant protein complex present in cytoplasm An enzyme that degrades, denatured, misfolded, and non-functional polypeptides into small polypeptides and amino acids.
Proteasomes
72
Removes proteins that are no longer useful in the cell. Cylindrical structures Composed of rings of proteases enzymes Terminal ends of the structure recognizes proteins with ubiquitin attached
Proteasomes
73
protein that searches for any denatured or misfolded protein.
Ubiquitin
74
Main function is to produce the mitotic spindle fiber during cell division
Centrioles
75
Two non-membranous cylindrical structures composed of microtubules Composed of __ _____microtubules each
Centrioles 9 triplets

Histo LEC (26 decks)

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