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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

It is a specialized connective tissue in which cells are suspended in fluid extracellular material called______

A

BLOOD

plasma

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2
Q

Formed elements:

A

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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3
Q

Blood is a distributing vehicle, transporting (5)

A

O2
CO2
metabolites
hormones
other substances to cells throughout the body.

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4
Q

Blood participates in (3)

A

heat distribution

the regulation of body temperature

and the maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance

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5
Q

have diversified functions and are one of the body’s chief defenses against infection

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

Components of unclotted whole blood

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs

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7
Q

Components of clotted whole blood

A

Serum
Clot

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8
Q

Composition of whole blood:
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Buffy Coat

A

Plasma - 55%

Erythrocytes- 44%

Buffy Coat - <1%

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9
Q

Components of Plasma

A

Water - 92%

Proteins - 7%

Other solutes - 1%

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10
Q

Proteins in Plasma (AGFR)

A

Albumin - 58%
Globulin - 37%
Fibrinogen - 4%
Regulatory Proteins - <1%

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11
Q

Other solutes in the Plasma

A

Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products

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12
Q

T or F| Oxygenated blood is more frequent in veins than arteries

A

False

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13
Q

Components of Buffy Coat

A

Platelets
Leukocytes

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14
Q

Leukocytes (5)

Arrange from most numerous to least numerous

A

NLMEB

Neutrophils - 50-70%
Lymphocytes - 20-40%
Monocytes - 2-8%
Eosinophils - 1-4%
Basophils - 0.5-1%

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15
Q

most abundant plasma protein, made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

A

ALBUMIN

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16
Q

made by liver and other cells

  • include transferrin and other transport factors;
  • fibronectin;
  • prothrombin and other coagulation factors;
  • lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues
A

ALPHA-GLOBULINS & BETA-GLOBULINS

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17
Q

are immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by plasma cells in many locations

A

GAMMA-GLOBULINS

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18
Q

largest plasma protein

also made in the liver

during clotting - polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels

A

FIBRINOGEN

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19
Q

a system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

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20
Q

Can be studied histologically in smears prepared by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a microscope slide

A

Blood cells

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21
Q

Blood smears are routinely stained with special mixtures of acidic (____) and basic (____________) dyes

A

eosin

methylene blue

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22
Q

Physical characteristics od RBCs

A

Flexible biconcave discs

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23
Q

RBCs _______ shape provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange

A

Concave

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24
Q

Normal concentration of RBCs

Women
Men

A

3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter in women

4.1-6.0 million/μL in men

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25
RBCs survive in the circulation for about_____ days
120 days (4months)
26
- stacking of cells
Rouleaux
27
RBCs Lacks all ________ but is densely filled with________
organelles hemoglobin
28
Tetrameric O2-carrying protein
hemoglobin
29
RBCs: Lacking mitochondria, erythrocytes rely on _____________ for their minimal energy needs
anaerobic glycolysis
30
RBCs: Lacking nuclei, they cannot replace__________.
defective proteins
31
Major protein of RBCs cytoskeleton
Spectrin apha beta
32
Primary cause of RBCs shape
Spectrin alpha and beta
33
Leave the blood and migrate to the tissues where they become functional and perform various activities related to immunity
Leukocytes
34
Key players in the defense against invading microorganisms
Leukocytes
35
2 types of Leukocytes (based on the density of their cytoplasmic granules)
Granulocytes Agranulocytes
36
Types of granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
37
Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocytes
38
Two types of cytoplasmic granules:
lysosomes specific granules
39
lysosomes (often called __________ in blood cells)
azurophilic granules
40
Type: Neutrophils Nucleus Specific Granules Differential Count (%) Life Span Outside the Blood
3-5 lobes Faint/light pink 50-70 1-4 d
41
Type: Eosinophils Nucleus Specific Granules Differential Count (%) Life Span Outside the Blood
Bilobed Red/dark pink 1-4 1-2 wk
42
Type: Basophils Nucleus Specific Granules Differential Count (%) Life Span Outside the Blood
Bilobed or S-shaped Dark blue/purple 0.5-1 Several months
43
Type: Lymphocytes Nucleus Specific Granules Differential Count (%) Life Span Outside the Blood
spherical (none) 20-40 Hours to many years
44
Type: Monocytes Nucleus Specific Granules Differential Count (%) Life Span Outside the Blood
Indented or C-shaped (none) 2-8 Hours to years
45
Kill and phagocytose bacteria
Neutrophils
46
Kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation
Eosinophils
47
Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy
Basophils
48
Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
49
Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells
Monocytes
50
Mature________ constitute 54% to 62% of circulating leukocytes; circulating immature forms raise this value by___%
neutrophils 3%
51
Neutrophil diameter
2-15 μm in diameter
52
Neutrophils are short-lived cells Half-life of_____ hours in blood Life span of ______days in connective tissues
6 to 8 hrs in blood 1 to 4 days in tissues
53
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Nuclei having two to five lobes
Neutrophils
54
Neutrophils: Inactive and spherical while circulating but become actively amoeboid during __________
diapedesis
55
Band cell turns into
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
56
Active phagocytes of bacteria and other small particles and are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection
Neutrophils
57
Neutrophils: Release____________ that attract other leukocytes and cytokines that direct activities of these and local cells of the tissue
polypeptide chemokines
58
Important lipid mediators of inflammation are also released from_________.
neutrophils
59
resemble lysosomes as large, dense vesicles and have a major role in both killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms
Azurophilic primary granules
60
3 types of azurophilic granules in neutrophils
Myeloperoxidase Lysozyme Defensins
61
Specific secondary granules of Neutrophils
smaller and less dense, stain faintly pink Collagenases Bactericidal proteins
62
Only 1% to 3% of leukocytes Bilobed nucleus
Eosinophils
63
Abundance of large, acidophilic specific granules typically staining pink or red
Eosinophils
64
Modulate inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators
Eosinophils
65
Specific granules of Eosinophils
Major basic proteins (MBP) - arginine-rich factor, act to kill parasitic worms or helminths
66
Less than 1% of blood leukocytes Nucleus is divided into two irregular lobes
Basophils
67
Basophil specific granules: stain ______ with the basic dye of blood smear stains and are fewer, larger, and more irregularly shaped HPEP
Purple Histamine Platelet activating factor Eosinophil chemotactic factor Phospholipase A
68
Migrates to connective tissue and supplement the functions of mast cells
Basophils
69
Have metachromatic granules containing heparin and histamine
Basophils
70
Have surface receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), and secrete their granular components in response to certain antigens and allergens
Basophils
71
Most numerous type of agranulocyte
Lymphocytes
72
Smallest leukocytes
Lymphocytes
73
Spherical nuclei, highly condensed chromatin Subdivided into functional groups by distinctive surface molecules called “cluster of differentiation” or CD markers
Lymphocytes
74
Major classes of Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes Helper (CD4+) T lymphocytes Cytotoxic (CD8+) T lymphocytes Natural killer (NK) cells
75
Kill virus-infected and damaged cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
76
Help cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their immune functions
Helper T cells (CD4)
77
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies
B cell
78
Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue
Monocytes
79
Antigen-presenting cells
Monocytes
80
Nucleus is large and usually distinctly indented or C-shaped
Monocytes
81
Chromatin is less condensed than in lymphocytes Cytoplasm is basophilic and contains many small lysosomes or azurophilic granules
Basophils
82
Small non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments only 2 to 4 μm in diameter
Thrombocytes
83
Thrombocytes Originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic processes extending from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called________
megakaryocytes
84
Thrombocytes Generally discoid, with a very lightly stained peripheral zone, the__________, and a darker-staining central zone containing granules, called the________
hyalomere granulomere
85
Thrombocytes Delta granules AAS
ADP ATP Serotonin
86
Thrombocytes Alpha granules
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Platelet factor 4 Other Platelet-specific factor
87
Hemostasis
Primary Aggregation Secondary aggregation Blood Coagulation Clot retraction Clot removal
88
Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium Allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen _________is formed as a first step to stop bleeding
Primary Aggregation Platelet plug
89
Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive glycoprotein and ADP Induce further platelet aggregation and increase the size of the platelet plug
Secondary aggregation
90
During platelet aggregation, fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and other proteins released from the damaged endothelium Platelet factor ___ from platelet granules promote the sequential interaction (cascade) of plasma proteins, giving rise to a____
Blood Coagulation Platelet factor 4 fibrin
91
The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly because of the interaction of platelet actin and myosin
Clot retraction
92
Protected by the clot, the endothelium and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue, and the clot is then removed, mainly dissolved by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin
Clot removal

Histo LEC (26 decks)

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