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Histo LEC > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

It is a specialized connective tissue in which cells are suspended in fluid extracellular material called______

A

BLOOD

plasma

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2
Q

Formed elements:

A

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
White blood cells (Leukocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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3
Q

Blood is a distributing vehicle, transporting (5)

A

O2
CO2
metabolites
hormones
other substances to cells throughout the body.

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4
Q

Blood participates in (3)

A

heat distribution

the regulation of body temperature

and the maintenance of acid-base and osmotic balance

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5
Q

have diversified functions and are one of the body’s chief defenses against infection

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

Components of unclotted whole blood

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
RBCs

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7
Q

Components of clotted whole blood

A

Serum
Clot

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8
Q

Composition of whole blood:
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Buffy Coat

A

Plasma - 55%

Erythrocytes- 44%

Buffy Coat - <1%

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9
Q

Components of Plasma

A

Water - 92%

Proteins - 7%

Other solutes - 1%

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10
Q

Proteins in Plasma (AGFR)

A

Albumin - 58%
Globulin - 37%
Fibrinogen - 4%
Regulatory Proteins - <1%

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11
Q

Other solutes in the Plasma

A

Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste products

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12
Q

T or F| Oxygenated blood is more frequent in veins than arteries

A

False

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13
Q

Components of Buffy Coat

A

Platelets
Leukocytes

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14
Q

Leukocytes (5)

Arrange from most numerous to least numerous

A

NLMEB

Neutrophils - 50-70%
Lymphocytes - 20-40%
Monocytes - 2-8%
Eosinophils - 1-4%
Basophils - 0.5-1%

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15
Q

most abundant plasma protein, made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

A

ALBUMIN

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16
Q

made by liver and other cells

  • include transferrin and other transport factors;
  • fibronectin;
  • prothrombin and other coagulation factors;
  • lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues
A

ALPHA-GLOBULINS & BETA-GLOBULINS

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17
Q

are immunoglobulins (antibodies) secreted by plasma cells in many locations

A

GAMMA-GLOBULINS

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18
Q

largest plasma protein

also made in the liver

during clotting - polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels

A

FIBRINOGEN

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19
Q

a system of factors important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

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20
Q

Can be studied histologically in smears prepared by spreading a drop of blood in a thin layer on a microscope slide

A

Blood cells

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21
Q

Blood smears are routinely stained with special mixtures of acidic (____) and basic (____________) dyes

A

eosin

methylene blue

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22
Q

Physical characteristics od RBCs

A

Flexible biconcave discs

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23
Q

RBCs _______ shape provides a large surface-to-volume ratio and facilitates gas exchange

A

Concave

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24
Q

Normal concentration of RBCs

Women
Men

A

3.9 to 5.5 million per microliter in women

4.1-6.0 million/μL in men

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25
Q

RBCs survive in the circulation for about_____ days

A

120 days (4months)

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26
Q
  • stacking of cells
A

Rouleaux

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27
Q

RBCs Lacks all ________ but is densely filled with________

A

organelles

hemoglobin

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28
Q

Tetrameric O2-carrying protein

A

hemoglobin

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29
Q

RBCs: Lacking mitochondria, erythrocytes rely on _____________ for their minimal energy needs

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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30
Q

RBCs: Lacking nuclei, they cannot replace__________.

A

defective proteins

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31
Q

Major protein of RBCs cytoskeleton

A

Spectrin apha beta

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32
Q

Primary cause of RBCs shape

A

Spectrin alpha and beta

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33
Q

Leave the blood and migrate to the tissues where they become functional and perform various activities related to immunity

A

Leukocytes

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34
Q

Key players in the defense against invading microorganisms

A

Leukocytes

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35
Q

2 types of Leukocytes (based on the density of their cytoplasmic granules)

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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36
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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37
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

38
Q

Two types of cytoplasmic granules:

A

lysosomes
specific granules

39
Q

lysosomes (often called __________ in blood cells)

A

azurophilic granules

40
Q

Type: Neutrophils

Nucleus
Specific Granules
Differential Count (%)
Life Span Outside the Blood

A

3-5 lobes
Faint/light pink
50-70
1-4 d

41
Q

Type: Eosinophils

Nucleus
Specific Granules
Differential Count (%)
Life Span Outside the Blood

A

Bilobed
Red/dark pink
1-4
1-2 wk

42
Q

Type: Basophils

Nucleus
Specific Granules
Differential Count (%)
Life Span Outside the Blood

A

Bilobed or S-shaped
Dark blue/purple
0.5-1
Several months

43
Q

Type: Lymphocytes

Nucleus
Specific Granules
Differential Count (%)
Life Span Outside the Blood

A

spherical
(none)
20-40
Hours to many years

44
Q

Type: Monocytes

Nucleus
Specific Granules
Differential Count (%)
Life Span Outside the Blood

A

Indented or C-shaped
(none)
2-8
Hours to years

45
Q

Kill and phagocytose bacteria

A

Neutrophils

46
Q

Kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation

A

Eosinophils

47
Q

Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy

A

Basophils

48
Q

Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

49
Q

Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells

A

Monocytes

50
Q

Mature________ constitute 54% to 62% of circulating leukocytes; circulating immature forms raise this value by___%

A

neutrophils

3%

51
Q

Neutrophil diameter

A

2-15 μm in diameter

52
Q

Neutrophils are short-lived cells

Half-life of_____ hours in blood
Life span of ______days in connective tissues

A

6 to 8 hrs in blood

1 to 4 days in tissues

53
Q

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Nuclei having two to five lobes

A

Neutrophils

54
Q

Neutrophils:

Inactive and spherical while circulating but become actively amoeboid during __________

A

diapedesis

55
Q

Band cell turns into

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

56
Q

Active phagocytes of bacteria and other small particles and are usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection

A

Neutrophils

57
Q

Neutrophils:

Release____________ that attract other leukocytes and cytokines that direct activities of these and local cells of the tissue

A

polypeptide chemokines

58
Q

Important lipid mediators of inflammation are also released from_________.

A

neutrophils

59
Q

resemble lysosomes as large, dense vesicles and have a major role in both killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms

A

Azurophilic primary granules

60
Q

3 types of azurophilic granules in neutrophils

A

Myeloperoxidase
Lysozyme
Defensins

61
Q

Specific secondary granules of Neutrophils

A

smaller and less dense, stain faintly pink

Collagenases
Bactericidal proteins

62
Q

Only 1% to 3% of leukocytes
Bilobed nucleus

A

Eosinophils

63
Q

Abundance of large, acidophilic specific granules typically staining pink or red

A

Eosinophils

64
Q

Modulate inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines, cytokines, and lipid mediators

A

Eosinophils

65
Q

Specific granules of Eosinophils

A

Major basic proteins (MBP)
- arginine-rich factor, act to kill parasitic worms or helminths

66
Q

Less than 1% of blood leukocytes
Nucleus is divided into two irregular lobes

A

Basophils

67
Q

Basophil specific granules:

stain ______ with the basic dye of blood smear stains and are fewer, larger, and more irregularly shaped

HPEP

A

Purple

Histamine
Platelet activating factor
Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Phospholipase A

68
Q

Migrates to connective tissue and supplement the functions of mast cells

A

Basophils

69
Q

Have metachromatic granules containing heparin and histamine

A

Basophils

70
Q

Have surface receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE), and secrete their granular components in response to certain antigens and allergens

A

Basophils

71
Q

Most numerous type of agranulocyte

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

Smallest leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

73
Q

Spherical nuclei, highly condensed chromatin

Subdivided into functional groups by distinctive surface molecules called “cluster of differentiation” or CD markers

A

Lymphocytes

74
Q

Major classes of Lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes Helper (CD4+)
T lymphocytes Cytotoxic (CD8+)
T lymphocytes Natural killer (NK) cells

75
Q

Kill virus-infected and damaged cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

76
Q

Help cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their immune functions

A

Helper T cells (CD4)

77
Q

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies

A

B cell

78
Q

Precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue

A

Monocytes

79
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

Monocytes

80
Q

Nucleus is large and usually distinctly indented or C-shaped

A

Monocytes

81
Q

Chromatin is less condensed than in lymphocytes

Cytoplasm is basophilic and contains many small lysosomes or azurophilic granules

A

Basophils

82
Q

Small non-nucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments only

2 to 4 μm in diameter

A

Thrombocytes

83
Q

Thrombocytes

Originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic processes extending from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called________

A

megakaryocytes

84
Q

Thrombocytes

Generally discoid, with a very lightly stained peripheral zone, the__________, and a darker-staining central zone containing granules, called the________

A

hyalomere
granulomere

85
Q

Thrombocytes

Delta granules
AAS

A

ADP
ATP
Serotonin

86
Q

Thrombocytes

Alpha granules

A

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Platelet factor 4
Other Platelet-specific factor

87
Q

Hemostasis

A

Primary Aggregation
Secondary aggregation
Blood Coagulation
Clot retraction
Clot removal

88
Q

Disruptions in the microvascular endothelium

Allow the platelet glycocalyx to adhere to collagen

_________is formed as a first step to stop bleeding

A

Primary Aggregation

Platelet plug

89
Q

Platelets in the plug release a specific adhesive glycoprotein and ADP

Induce further platelet aggregation and increase the size of the platelet plug

A

Secondary aggregation

90
Q

During platelet aggregation, fibrinogen from plasma, von Willebrand factor and other proteins released from the damaged endothelium

Platelet factor ___ from platelet granules promote the sequential interaction (cascade) of plasma proteins, giving rise to a____

A

Blood Coagulation

Platelet factor 4

fibrin

91
Q

The clot that initially bulges into the blood vessel lumen contracts slightly because of the interaction of platelet actin and myosin

A

Clot retraction

92
Q

Protected by the clot, the endothelium and surrounding tunic are restored by new tissue, and the clot is then removed, mainly dissolved by the proteolytic enzyme plasmin

A

Clot removal

Histo LEC (26 decks)

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