Bone marrow

Question 1

Hemopoiesis (5)

Answer 1

Erythropoiesis
Granulopoiesis
Monocytopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis
Thrombocytopoiesis

Question 2

Hemopoiesis, or blood cell formation, first occurs in a_________ cell population of the embryonic______

Answer 2

mesodermal

yolk sac

Question 3

Hemopoiesis:

Shifts during second trimester mainly to the developing_____, before becoming concentrated in newly formed bones during the last 2 months of gestation.

Answer 3

liver - major
Spleen - minor

Question 4

Hemopoietic bone marrow occurs in many locations through puberty, but then becomes increasingly restricted to components of the_____________.

Answer 4

axial skeleton

Question 5

Hemopoietic bone marrow occurs in many locations through puberty, but then becomes increasingly restricted to components of the___________

Answer 5

axial skeleton

Question 6

are pluripotent cells capable of asymmetric division and self-renewal.

Answer 6

Stem cells

Question 7

T or F| ALL blood cells arise from a single major type of pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that can give rise to all the blood cell types.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

2 major lineages of progenitor cells with restricted potentials:

Answer 8

lymphoid cells (lymphocytes)
myeloid cells

Question 9

Myeloid cells - include:

Answer 9

granulocytes
monocytes
erythrocytes
megakaryocytes

Question 10

• migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus or the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures, where they proliferate and differentiate.

Answer 10

Lymphoid progenitor cells

Question 11

Progenitor cells for blood cells are commonly called

Answer 11

colony-forming units (CFUs)

Question 12

4 major types of progenitor cells

Answer 12

Erythroid lineage of CFU-erythrocytes (CFU-E)

Thrombocytic lineage of CFUmegakaryocytes(CFU-Meg)

Granulocyte-monocyte lineage of CFUgranulocytes-monocytes (CFU-GM)

Lymphoid lineage of CFU-lymphocytes of all types (CFU-L)

Question 13

cannot be morphologically distinguished and simply resemble large lymphocytes

Answer 13

Stem and progenitor cells

Question 14

Has greatest potentiality

Answer 14

Stem cell

Question 15

Greatest mitotic activity

Answer 15

Precursor cells (blasts)

Question 16

Greatest typical morphologic characteristics

Answer 16

Mature cells

Question 17

Greatest self-renewing capacity

Answer 17

Stem cells

Question 18

Greatest influence of growth factors

Answer 18

Progenitor cells
Precursor cells (blasts)

Question 19

Greatest differentiated functional activity

Answer 19

Mature cells

Question 20

Hemopoietic growth factors or ________ or ________

Answer 20

colony- stimulating factors (CSF) or

cytokines

Question 21

glycoproteins that stimulate proliferation of progenitor and precursor cells and promote cell differentiation and maturation within specific lineages

Answer 21

Hemopoietic growth factors or colony- stimulating factors (CSF) or cytokines

Question 22

Bone marrow:

Blood-forming_______

_________ - filled with adipocytes that exclude most hemopoietic cells

Answer 22

Red bone marrow

Yellow bone marrow

Question 23

MATURATION OF ERYTHROCYTES

Several major changes take place during erythropoiesis:

Answer 23

Cell and nuclear volumes decrease

Nucleoli diminish in size and disappear

Chromatin density increases until the nucleus presents a pyknotic appearance and is finally extruded from the cell.

There is a gradual decrease in the number of polyribosomes (basophilia)

Increase in the amount of hemoglobin (a highly eosinophilic protein)

Mitochondria and other organelles gradually disappear

Question 24

MATURATION OF ERYTHROCYTES

Answer 24

Proerythroblast
Basophilic erythroblast
Polychromatopholic erythroblast
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
Nucleus ejected
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

Question 25

reticulocytes, which are cells that have lost their nuclei but have not yet completely lost the________ used to synthesize globin, as demonstrated by a stain for RNA. (What is the name of the stain?)

Answer 25

polyribosomes Brilliant cresyl blue

Question 26

involves cytoplasmic changes dominated by synthesis of proteins for the azurophilic granules and specific granules.

Answer 26

Granulopoiesis

Question 27

Granulopoiesis: formation of granules

Answer 27

Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte

Question 28

Granulopoiesis: No cytoplasmic granules

Answer 28

Myeloblast

Question 29

Granulopoiesis: First azurophilic granules being secreted in Golgi apparatus

Answer 29

Promyelocyte

Question 30

Granulopoiesis: Moderate number of azurophilic granules and initial production of specific granules in Golgi zone

Answer 30

Myelocyte

Question 31

Granulopoiesis: Abundant specific granules and dispersed azurophilic granules; Golgi apparatus reduced

Answer 31

Metamyelocyte

Question 32

Granulopoiesis Typical precursor cells shown are as follows:

Answer 32

myeloblast (MB); promyelocyte (1); myelocytes (2); late myelocyte (3); metamyelocytes (4); band cells (5); nearly mature segmented neutrophils (6).

Question 33

Monocytopoiesis

Answer 33

Monoblast Promonocyte Monocyte

Question 34

Monocytopoiesis Nucleus: Round to oval; may be irregularly shaped Nucleoli: 1-2; may not be visible Chromatin: Fine Cytoplasm: Light blue to gray Granules: None

Answer 34

Monoblast

Question 35

Monocytopoiesis Nucleus: Irregularly shaped; folded; may have brain-like convolutions Nucleoli: May or may not be visible Chromatin: Fine to lacy Cytoplasm: Light blue to gray Granules: Fine azurophilic Vacuoles: May be present

Answer 35

Promonocytes

Question 36

Monocytopoiesis Nucleus: Variable; may be round, horseshoe shaped; often has folds producing "brainlike" convolutions Nucleoli: Not visible Chromatin: Lacy Cytoplasm: Blue-gray; may have pseudopods Granules: Many fine granules giving the appearance of ground glass Vacuoles: Absent to numerous

Answer 36

Monocytes

Question 37

Lymphopoiesis

Answer 37

Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte NK cells Small lymphocytes - T lymphocytes - B lymphocytes

Question 38

Originate in the red bone marrow by dissociating from mature megakaryocytes

Answer 38

PLATELETS

Question 39

Platelets Differentiate from megakaryoblasts in a process driven by_________

Answer 39

thrombopoietin

Question 40

are giant cells with large, irregularly lobulated polyploid nuclei, coarse chromatin, and no visible nucleoli

Answer 40

Megakaryocytes

Question 41

Megakaryocytes produce all the characteristic components of platelets and in a complex process extend many long, branching pseudopodia-like projections called__________, from the ends of which platelets are pinched off almost fully formed.

Answer 41

proplatelets

Question 42

Thrombocytopoiesis

Answer 42

Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte Platelet precursor extensions Platelets