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Biology > Cell division and Inheritance > Flashcards

Cell division and Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle found in many living cells containing genetic information.

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2
Q

Genes

A

A small section of DNA carrying genetic information. Each gene code for the particular combination of amino acid and tells the ribosomes how to put together amino acids to produce a specific protein. This determines the development and structure of organisms.

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structures carrying genetic info found in the nucleus. Made up of large molecules of DNA. It carries a large number of genes.

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

It is the body cell division. The genetic material is copied and the cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells. Occurs during growth and replacement of old cells. 46 chromosomes

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Cells in reproductive organs divide to form gametes(sex cell)-sperm or egg. Contain a single set of chromosomes.

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6
Q

Male gametes

A

Produced in the testes(sperm). 23 chromosomes. 50 chance to contain X or Y chromosome.

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7
Q

Female gametes

A

Produced in the ovaries(egg). 23 chromosomes. Every egg contains X chromosome.

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

The cell division that produces gametes. The genetic material is copied and the cell divides 2 times.

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9
Q

Fertilisation

A

Fusion/joining of a male gamete and a female gamete.

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10
Q

DNA

A

Is made up of very long strands, twisted to form a double helix, which contains four different compounds called bases.

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11
Q

Amino acid

A

There are 20 different amino acids. They are used to make a protein.

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12
Q

Alleles

A

Two versions of same gene. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Type of gene(allele)

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics.

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15
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Genetic disease carried on the recessive allele. The symptoms are excess of mucus in the lungs and pancreas. Breathing and digestion is effected.

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16
Q

Polydactyly

A

Genetic disorder carried on the dominant allele. It causes an organism to have extra finger or toe.

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

Somebody who has two different alleles.

18
Q

Homozygous

A

Somebody who has two identical alleles.

19
Q

Enucleated

A

Nucleus from cell is removed.

20
Q

Selective breeding

A

Selectively develop particular characteristics of animals. by choosing which animal, males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.

21
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Requires 2 parent organisms and the fusion of gametes. The mixture of genetic info from parents leads to variety in the offspring.

22
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Requires one parent organism and offspring are genetically identical. There is no genetic variation. Called clone.

23
Q

Plasimd

A

A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes.

24
Q

Male

A

XY

25
Q

Female

A

XX

26
Q

Stem cell

A

Is an undifferentiated cell that can become any type of cell.

27
Q

Genetic information in a cell…

A

is held in the chemical DNA.

28
Q

Variation Importance

A

Caused by sexual reproduction. Increases the chance of survival of species, since it is more likely that a few of the offsprings will have the ability to survive.

29
Q

Genetic variation

A

A difference in the characteristics of individuals of the same kind may be due to differences in genes inherited

30
Q

Physical variation

A

A difference in the characters of individuals due to and the conditions in which they have developed.

31
Q

Different genes control the…

A

development of different characteristics.

32
Q

Some characteristics are controlled by…

A

single gene.

33
Q

Punnet square

A

Is a genetic diagram.

34
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

These two chromosomes are not same it can be X or Y chromosome.

35
Q

All 22 pairs of chromosomes are…

A

same.

36
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A

Genetic crosses that involve characteristics which are inherited on single genes.

37
Q

A sequence of 3 bases…

A

code for particular amino acid. The order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a particular protein.

38
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

A genetic disorder causing the red blood cells become sickle-shaped. This means they do not carry oxygen effectively so you feel tired and you have a lack of energy. Carried on recessive allele.

39
Q

Heterozygous sickle cell anaemia

A

People are less likely to get malaria. Since red blood cells changed their shape to protect people against malaria.

40
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome number 21, so the baby has 47 chromosomes. This causes a number of developmental problems in many areas, including brain, heart and the muscles.

41
Q

In body cell chromosomes are found in…

A

pairs.

Biology (31 decks)

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