Cave Quiz 3: Chapters 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define detrital formations

A

sediments brought into the caves by streams and residual material left by the limestone

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2
Q

Define dripping speleothem

A

stalactites, stalagmites, and columns that are growing

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3
Q

Define desiccation cracks

A

cracks occurring because of shrinking of sediment as it dries

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4
Q

define master joints

A

a tectonic discontinuity (fault line) that a given cave passage follows.

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5
Q

List the three types of active caves.

A

inflow, outflow, and through

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6
Q

Name the two types of eccentric speleothems.

A

Those that grow from stactites (helictites) and those that grow from stalagmites (heligmites)

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7
Q

Name some pieces of gear needed for cave exploration

A

good footwear, good rope, flashlight, hard hat, gloves, pack, wool socks, knee pads

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8
Q

Name four of the concerns, problems, and challenges faced by modern cave explorers as they study a cave.

A

ascending and descending by rope, crawling through muck and water, moving through large adn small chambers, following joints and scallops.

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9
Q

What family spent the most time in a cave during World War II, and what is the name of the cave system this family used?

A

The Stermers (a Jewish family from Ukraine); Popowa Yama Cave

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10
Q

Name some non-calcite speleothems.

A

gypsum flowers, balloons, crusts, chandeliers, angel hair (mirabilite), moonmilk

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11
Q

What concerns are there for those trying to take photographs in a cave?

A

humidity increases the absorption of light; unpleasant colors can result when using artificial light films; much time is required to take simple shots with artificial light films

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12
Q

What is a shield

A

a special type of speleothem made up of two semicircular plates growing parallel to each other. They can grow more than three feet in diameter.

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13
Q

What are cave rafts?

A

When cave pool water is saturated and very calm, thin flakes of calcite start growing, floating on the water, and are called cave rafts.

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14
Q

What is the most obvious logical argument against a very old age of speleothems?

A

recorded growths of speleothems refute the necessity of tens or hundreds of thousands of years

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15
Q

Who was the first to build and use a diving device?

A

Alexander the Great in 325 B.C.

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16
Q

Who was the one who co-invented the Aqualung and was the first to SCUBA dive inside a cave?

A

Jaques-Yves Cousteau