Cause and Effect

Question 1

A cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 1

one event causes another event to occur

Question 2

When an author makes a cause-and-effect claim

Answer 2

she assumes that her cause-and-effect claim is actually correct; she assumes that there could not be an alternative explanation for the observed events

-> Assume that there is no other alternative explanation

Question 3

Correct answer in cause and effect

Answer 3

highlights a piece of information that must be true in order for the logic of the argument to work

Question 4

perceptions of patterns and relationships are not

Answer 4

always accurate: humans often make incorrect assumptions about cause-and-effect relationships

Question 5

always accurate: humans often make incorrect assumptions about cause-and-effect relationships

Answer 5

So, we must be very careful any time we encounter a question dealing with cause and effect.

Question 6

We’re apt to make an error in reasoning any time we notice that one event, X, occurs before another event,

Answer 6

Y, and, on this basis alone, we conclude that the first event, X, must have caused the second, Y.

Question 7

The fact that some event X occurred before some event Y

Answer 7

does not necessarily indicate that event X caused event Y.

Question 8

Cause and Effect Weaken the argument

Answer 8

When there is an alternative explanation

Question 9

When the subject in the sentence is really broad and doesn’t give us the name of the subject we are looking at

Answer 9

We can’t really pick it because it’s not specific enough

Question 10

Cause-and-Effect Reasoning Error Two: Co-Occurrence

Answer 10

two or more events occur simultaneously, and we conclude, on this basis alone, that they are causally linked.

Question 11

Cause-and-Effect Reasoning Error Two # Fixing the error

Answer 11

1) There might be a third variable explaining this

2) The simultaneous occurrence of two events does not necessarily indicate that one causes the other.

Question 12

Cause and Effect - Alternative Solution

Answer 12

any time we provide an alternative cause of the effect mentioned in a cause-and-effect argument, we are weakening that argument.
-> When you negate the argument and get a weakening argument then the sentence strengthens the argument

Question 13

Correlated

Answer 13

change in one variable accompanies a change in the other.

Question 14

Cause and Effect - Strengthen and argument

Answer 14

You can provide that there is no alternative explanation

If there was an alternative explanation then that would weaken the current statement

Question 15

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Reversing the Relationship

Answer 15

It is possible to weaken a cause-and-effect argument by showing that the cause-and-effect relation could be reversed. That is, if the argument assumes or concludes that that A caused B, showing that B may have caused A would successfully weaken the argument.

Question 16

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Finding an Alternative Cause For the Effect

Answer 16

One way to weaken the support for a cause-and-effect conclusion is to show that there is an alternative explanation for the observed effect.
-> You say that the cause here is different than what the author states

Question 17

Large Number

Answer 17

not a definte number, so you can’t make assumption based on this number

Question 18

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Finding a Third Variable That Causes Both of the Observed Events

Answer 18

there is a common cause for the two variables in question, rather than a direct cause-and-effect link between the two variables in question.

i.e: On an average, children with larger shoe sizes tend to have better handwriting. Can we conclude that bigger feet cause better writing? Or can we conclude that better writing somehow causes feet to grow? Of course not. Rather, both variables are likely to be the effect of aging upon children. That is, at least up to a point, the older a child gets, the larger her feet grow and the better her handwriting becomes. In other words, we can identify growth as the common cause of both variables, but there’s certainly no cause-and-effect connection between foot size and handwriting neatness.

Question 19

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Showing That the Effect Does Not Occur When the Supposed Cause Occurs

Answer 19

supposed cause occurs without the effect occurring will weaken the argument. After all, if there is a cause-and-effect relationship at play, when we see the cause, we should also see the effect.

Question 20

Weakening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Showing That the Effect Occurs Even When the Supposed Cause Does Not Occur

Answer 20

effect happens even when the supposed cause does not.

Question 21

Is having a better plan a way to weaken the argument

Answer 21

No becasuse there you statement is till valid/can exist

Question 22

Strengthening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by: 
#1: Ruling Out Alternative Causes

Answer 22

• > rule out alternative causes
• > we can strengthen the case for author’s assumption that there could not be an alternative explanation by ruling out even one credible alternative explanation.

Question 23

Scientifically Designed Experiments

Answer 23

• > The major goal of an experiment is to isolate a single variable and measure its effect on another variable.
• > have a control group alongside the true test group, which is also referred to as the experimental group.

Question 24

Strengthening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Showing That, When the Cause is Not Present, the Effect Does Not Occur

Answer 24

An argument with a cause-and-effect conclusion can be strengthened by an answer choice that shows that, when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur.

Question 25

Strengthening a Cause-and-Effect Argument by Showing That the Relationship Cannot Be Reversed

Answer 25

show that the relationship between the cause and the effect cannot be reversed.

Question 26

Cause-and-Effect Reasoning in Resolve the Paradox Questions

Answer 26

we will have to find an answer that explains an effect mentioned in the passage.