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Buzzwords > Cardiovascular 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Risk of Aneurysms…RIPE

A

Rupture
Infection
Pressure effects on neighbouring structures
Emboli of thrombi to lower limb: causing acute limb ischaemia

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2
Q

When are left sided and right sided murmurs best heard?

A

Right in inspiration

Left in expiration

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3
Q

Sinus Invertis, Chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility, dextrocardia

A

Kartanger’s syndrome

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4
Q

Small P waves, peaked T waves, widened QRS

A

Hyperkalaemia

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5
Q

Cardiac contusion

A

Bruise caused in trauma

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6
Q

Systolic murmur grading

A

Grade 1: just audible
Grade 3: Loud, without a thrill
Grade 4: Loud with a thrill

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7
Q

Pan systolic heart sound

A

May obliterate S2

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8
Q

Opens in the left posterior aortic sinus

A

Left Coronary Artery

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9
Q

Opens into the right atrium

A

Coronary Sinus (in posterior atrioventricular groove)

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10
Q

Is commonly associated with the atrioventricular groove

A

Right coronary artery

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11
Q

Supplies the AVN

A

Posterior Inter ventricular Artery

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12
Q

Supplies the SAN

A

Right coronary artery

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13
Q

Supplies the apex

A

Anterior Atrioventricular artery

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14
Q

Where does the circumflex artery supply?

A

Oxygenated blood to the lateral walls of the ventricle, the left atrium and the left posterior fasciculus of the left bundle branch (before Purkinje fibres)

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15
Q

Atrial ‘plop’

A

Cardiac myoxma

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16
Q

Ejection systolic murmur

A

Aortic stenosis

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17
Q

Pan systolic murmur

A

Mitral regurgitation

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18
Q

Early diastolic murmur

A

Aortic Regurgitation

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19
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of an acute MI?

A

ST elevation of greater than or equal to 1mm in two adjacent limb leads
ST elevation of greater than or equal to 2mm in two adjacent precordial leads
LBBB that is new in the case of an acute history

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20
Q

Large “a” waves

A

Tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension
-Are pre systolic and seen in right ventricular hypertrophy

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21
Q

Large “a” waves

A

Tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension

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22
Q

Cannon waves

A

Complete heart block or ventricular tachycardia

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23
Q

Boot shaped heart on CXR

A

Fallot’s tetralogy

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24
Q

What is the difference between coarse inspiratory crackles and fine inspiratory crepitations?

A

Coarse inspiratory crackles= heart failure

Fine inspiratory crepitations= pulmonary fibrosis

25
Q

When is a collapsing pulse found?

A

High cardiac output states: aortic regurgitation, anaemia, thyroxicosis, fever, patent ductus arteriosus

26
Q

Assymetrical ventricular hypertrophy, jerky pulse and harsh ejection systolic murmur, autosomal dominant, sudden cardiac death, beta myosin mutation

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

27
Q

Cardio clinical features associated with Turner’s Syndrome

A

Correction of the aorta, aortic dissection, mitral valve prolapse, congenital bicuspid aortic valve

28
Q

Causes of late systolic murmur

A

Mitral valve prolapse, coarctation of the aorta and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

29
Q

Why should Ca channel antagonists and beta blockers not be used together?

A

Can cause severe AV block and hypotension

30
Q

What is the mechanism of amiodarone?

A

Prolongs the cardiac action potential

31
Q

Name some causes of low voltage QRS

A

Hypothyroidism, COPD and increased haemocrit

32
Q

Name some ejection systolic murmurs

A

Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, atrial septal defect, cardiomyopathy, Fallot’s tetralogy and flow murmurs (aortic/pulmonary regurgitation)

33
Q

Name some pan systolic murmurs

A

Mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, VSD

34
Q

Name some late systolic murmurs

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mitral valve prolapse

35
Q

What does the QT interval give an indication of?

A

Ventricular systole

36
Q

Blood supply: what opens in the left posterior aortic sinus?

A

Left coronary artery

-lies between the left auricular appendage and the pulmonary trunk, it gives off the anterior inter ventricular artery to become the circumflex artery

37
Q

Blood supply: what opens into the right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus

-Lies in the posterior atrio-ventricular groove, between the IVC and the right trio-ventricular valve. The sinus is a continuation of the great cardiac vein and receives most of the venous drainage of the heart

38
Q

Blood supply: is most commonly associated with the atrioventricular groove?

A

Right Coronary Artery

39
Q

Blood supply: what is the blood supply to the AVN?

A

Posterior interventricular artery (in 80%-90% of individuals)

40
Q

Blood supply: what is the blood supply to the apex

A

Anterior interventricular artery

41
Q

Prominence of both X and Y decent in the JVP

A

Constrictive pericarditis

42
Q

Give some causes of constrictive pericarditis

A

Malignancy, TB, bacterial and fungal infections, chronic renal failure

43
Q

JVP with prominent X decent but no Y decent

A

Cardiac Tamponade

44
Q

Rise in JVP with inspiration

A

Cardiac Tamponade

45
Q

Management of cardiac tamponade

A

Pericardial aspiration

46
Q

Gradual onset fatigue, dysponea and ankle swelling with an apex beat in the mid axillary line, 6th intercostal space. Systolic or diastolic? What is the associated murmur?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy

- Pansystolic murmur, mitral regurgitation

47
Q

58 year old with malaise, fever, night sweats and exertional dysponea . He has splinter haemmorhages and pulsations visible between the nail beds. Systolic or diastolic? What is the associated murmur?

A

Aortic regurgitation secondary to endocarditis

-Early diastolic murmur

48
Q

What treatment should be given in a patient with VT due to hyperkalaemia

A

Calcium Chloride

49
Q

Harsh pansystolic murmur which is loudest in the lower left sternal edge and inaudible at the apex. The apex is not displaced and does not intensify on inspiration

A

VSD

  • If intensified on inspiration: Tricuspid regurgitation
  • If intensified on expiration, displaced and lower sternal edge: Mitral regurgitation
50
Q

The pulse is regular and jerky in character, cardiac impulse is hyper dynamic and non displaced. There is a mid-systolic murmur, with no ejection click, loudest at the left sternal edge

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

51
Q

Causes of Atrial fibrillation

A

Rheumatic mitral valve disease, thyroxitosis, cardiomyopathies

52
Q

Complications of acute MI

A

Arrythmias, cardiogenic shock, ventricular septal rupture, ventricular wall aneurysm, papillary muscle rupture, pericarditis

53
Q

Name some associated causes of aortic regurgitation

A

UC and rheumatoid arthritis

54
Q

What are the causes of pulseless electrical activity? 4Hs and 4Ts…

A
  • Hypovolaemia, Hypothermia, Hypoxia, Hypo/hyper kalaemia

- Cardiac Tamponade, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Tension Pneumothorax, Toxic/Therapeutic disturbances

55
Q

What drug is recommended in the treatment of pulseless electrical activity?

A

Calcium Chloride

56
Q

Use of Verapamil

A

Only in treatment of SVTs

57
Q

Left ventricle size in mitral stenosis

A

Normal

58
Q

Treatment for Acute AF

A
  • If haemodynamically unstable use Cardioversion

- Rate control with Verapamil or Bisoprolol

59
Q

Treatment for Chronic AF

A
  • Rate control: Beta blocker or Ca channel antagonist

- Anti coagulate

Buzzwords (12 decks)

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