Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is SAN?

A

dominant pacemaker with intrinsic rate of 60-100 bpm

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2
Q

What is the fastest depolarising tissue?

A

SAN

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3
Q

What are ventricular cells?

A

back-up pacemaker with intrinsic rate of 20-45 bpm

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4
Q

ECG: what does one small box represent (horizontally)

A

0.04s

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5
Q

ECG: what does one large box represent (horizontally)

A

0.2s

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6
Q

ECG: what does one large box represent (vertically)

A

0.5mV

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7
Q

Heart sounds: S1?

A

mitral + tricuspid valve closure

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8
Q

Heart sounds: S2?

A

aortic + pulmonary valve closure

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9
Q

Heart sounds: S3?

A

In early diastole during rapid ventricular filling.
Normal in children + pregnant women.
Associated with mitral regurgitation + heart failure.

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10
Q

Heart sounds: S4?

A

‘Gallop’, in late diastole.
Produced by blood being forced into a stiff hypertrophic ventricle.
Associated with LV hypertrophy.

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11
Q

Where is the left ventricle (apex beat) palpated?

A

5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

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12
Q

Define preload

A

Volume of blood in LV which stretches cardiac myocytes before LV contraction; how much blood is in ventricles before it pumps (EDV)

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13
Q

Define afterload

A

Pressure LV must overcome to eject blood during contraction

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14
Q

Define elasticity

A

Myocardial ability to recover normal shape after systolic stress

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15
Q

Define diastolic distensibility

A

Pressure required to fill ventricle to same diastolic volume

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16
Q

Define aneurysm

A

if there is a permanent dilatation of the artery to TWICE the normal diameter (normal = 2cm)

17
Q

List arteries from aorta –> peroneal

A

aorta –> common iliac –> external iliac –> internal iliac –> common femoral –> superficial femoral –> popliteal –> anterior tibial / posterior tibial / peroneal

18
Q

Give an example of an alpha-1 adrenreceptor blocker

19
Q

Give an example of a centrally acting antihypertensive

A

Methyldopa

20
Q

Give an example of a direct renin inhibitor

21
Q

Equation summarising BP control?

A

CO x peripheral resistance = BP

22
Q

What are Class 1 anti-arrhytmics?

A

sodium channel blockers (e.g. Flecainide)

23
Q

What are Class 2 anti-arrhytmics?

A

non-selective beta-blockers (e.g. Propanolol)
selective beta-1 blockers (e.g. Bisoprolol)

24
Q

What are Class 3 anti-arrhytmics?

A

prolong action potential (e.g. Amiodarone, Sotalol)

25
What are Class 4 anti-arrhytmics?
CCBs (e.g. Amlodipine, Verapamil, Diazepam)
26
MOA of Digoxin?
inhibits Na/K pump
27
Outline the Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arrhythmics
Classes 1 + 3 = RHYTHM control Classes 2 + 4 = RATE control
28
State the 2 types of cardiac natriuretic peptides
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B-(brain) natriuretic peptide (BNP)
29
What are cardiac natriuretic peptides metabolised by?
neutral endopeptidase (NEP)
30
State 3 drugs that inhibit NEP (to increase levels of cardiac natriuretic peptides)
Sacubitril, Valsartan, Entresto
31
State 2 nitrate medications
Isosorbide mononitrate GTN (spray/infusion)