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Mollie's P2a > Biomarkers (etc) > Flashcards

Biomarkers (etc) Flashcards

1
Q

raised T3 + T4?

A

hyperthyroidism

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2
Q

TSHR-Ab?

A

Grave’s (hyperthyroidism)

(thyroid stimulating hormone receptor Ab)

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3
Q

low T4?

A

hypothyroidism

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4
Q

TPO-Ab?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (hypothyroidism)

(thyroid peroxidase Ab)

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5
Q

no suppression with 48 hr dexamethasone suppression test?

A

Cushing’s

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6
Q

no suppression with OGTT + raised IGF-1?

A

acromegaly

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7
Q

5HIAA?

A

carcinoid tumours + syndrome

(it is a serotonin metabolite)

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8
Q

<550 mmol/L cortisol after synthacthen test?

A

Addison’s

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9
Q

CK-MB?

A

type of creatine kinase released into blood during heart injury (e.g. ACS)

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10
Q

D-dimer?

A

protein fragment from a dissolved blood clot (e.g. DVT, DIC)

(also raised in infection, pregnancy, malignancy, post surgery)

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11
Q

troponin?

A

released into blood during heart injury (e.g. ACS)

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12
Q

myoglobin?

A

MI, rhabdomyolysis

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13
Q

BNP?

A

secreted by ventricles in response to myocardial wall stress (e.g. HF)

(brain natriuretic peptide)

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14
Q

ESR/CRP?

A

inflammation

(erythrocyte sedimentation rate / C-reactive protein)

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15
Q

auer rods?

A

AML

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16
Q

Philadelphia chromosome?

A

CML

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17
Q

smudge cells?

A

CLL

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18
Q

Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphona

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19
Q

spike on electrophoresis for M-protein?

A

multiple myeloma

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20
Q

JAK2?

A

primary polycythaemia (/polycythaemia vera)

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21
Q

LDH?

A

tissue damage (e.g. anaemia, liver disease, meningitis)

(lactate dehydrogenase)

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22
Q

pANCA?

A

UC, autoimmune vasculitis

(perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic Ab)

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23
Q

faecal calprotectin?

A

inflammation of bowel (e.g. IBD)

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24
Q

EMA + tTg?

A

coeliac disease

(both are IgA)

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25
Q

C-urea breath test?

A

H.pylori

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26
Q

“owl-eye” inclusion bodies?

A

cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

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27
Q

ALT?

A

liver damage

(also infection)
(alanine transaminase)

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28
Q

AST?

A

liver damage

(also damage to other tissues)
(aspartate aminotransferase)

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29
Q

ALP?

A

liver/bone damage (e.g. osteomalacia)
(alkaline phosphatase)

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30
Q

AFP?

A

liver tumour

(alpha fetoprotein)

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31
Q

bilirubin?

A

liver or bile duct problems
increased rate of RBC destruction

32
Q

creatinine?

A

kidney disease

33
Q

anti-RO, anti-Sm, anti-a?

A

SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome

(anti-Smith)

34
Q

anti-dsDNA?

A

SLE

(anti-double stranded DNA)

35
Q

RhF + anti-CCP?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

(rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide)

36
Q

ANA?

A

autoimmune disease (e.g. SLE)

(antinuclear Ab)

37
Q

ASMA + anti-LKM-1?

A

autoimmune hepatitis (or other autoimmune diseases)

(anti-smooth muscle Ab, anti-liver-kidney microsomal Ab)

38
Q

PT (prothrombin time)?

A

time taken for blood to clot via extrinsic pathway (e.g. DIC)

39
Q

INR (international normalised ratio)?

A

standardised version of PT test, commonly used with patients on anticoagulants (e.g. DIC)

40
Q

aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)?

A

time taken for blood to clot via intrinsic pathway (e.g. DIC, haemophilia, vWD disease)

41
Q

low faecal elastase?

A

pancreatic insufficiency (e.g. acute pancreatitis)

42
Q

raised serum amylase?

A

acute pancreatitis

43
Q

negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals (with joint aspiration)?

A

gout

(= monosodium urate)

44
Q

positively birefringent rhomboid-shaped crystals (with joint aspiration)?

A

pseudogout

(= calcium pyrophosphate)

45
Q

“saddle-nose” deformity?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis (/granulomatosis with polyangiitis)

46
Q

raised urinary hydroxyproline?

A

Paget’s disease of bone

47
Q

Schober test?

A

ankylosing spondylitis

(= a mark is made at the 5th lumbar spinous process + 10cm above with the patient stood up; on bending forward the distance increases <5cm; 15cm in health)

48
Q

HLA-B8/DR3?

A

dermatomyositis, polymyositis

49
Q

HLA-B27?

A

autoimmune disease (e.g. ankylosing spondylitis)

50
Q

Gottron’s papules?

A

dermatomyositis

(= scaly erythematous plaques over knuckles)

51
Q

PKD1 (chromosome 16) or PKD2 (chromosome 4)?

A

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

52
Q

PKHD1 (chromosome 6)?

A

autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

53
Q

T.pallidum antigen or non-specific (RPR, VDRL)?

A

syphilis

(treponema pallidum bacterium, RPR = rapid plasma reagin, VDRL = venereal disease research laboratory)

54
Q

BRCA1 (chromosome 17) + BRCA2 (chromosome 13)?

A

breast cancer

55
Q

lupus anticoagulant?

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

56
Q

anticardiolipin?

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

57
Q

anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-1?

A

antiphospholipid syndrome

58
Q

Most specific Ab for SLE?

A

anti-Sm

(anti-Smith Ab)

59
Q

anti-RNA?

A

SLE, scleroderma

(anti-ribonuclear protein)

60
Q

antibody to topoisomerase I (SCI-70)?

A

diffuse scleroderma

61
Q

anti-centromere antibody?

A

limited sclerosis

62
Q

cANCA?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

(cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic Ab)

63
Q

anti-histone?

A

drug-induced SLE

64
Q

anti-jo1?

A

dermatomyositis / polymyositis, PBC

65
Q

APC gene mutation?

A

FAP (Familial Adenomatous Polyposis)

(= predisposes to colorectal carcinoma)

66
Q

hMSH1 or hMSH2 gene mutation?

A

Lynch syndrome (/ Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colon Cancer, HNPCC)

(= predisposes to colorectal carcinoma)

67
Q

T score -1 to -2.5?

A

osteopenia

68
Q

T score < -2.5?

A

osteoporosis

69
Q

Ab to voltage-gated calcium channels?

A

Myasthenia Gravis + Lambert-Eaton

70
Q

Ab to myeloperoxidase?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

71
Q

high lactate?

A

malignancy, infection/sepsis, DKA, thiamine deficiency, liver problems

72
Q

hepatic vs cholestatic problem?

A

Hepatic: raised ALT/AST
Cholestatic: raised ALP (“P” for “PiPes” = ducts)

73
Q

most SPECIFIC antibody for RA?

74
Q

most SENSITIVE antibody for RA?

75
Q

anti 21-hydroxylase?

A

Addison’s

76
Q

anti-GAD?

Mollie's P2a (18 decks)

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