Cardiovasclar

Question 1

3 different measurements associated with heart

Answer 1

Heart rate: in a healthy adult, the heart averages 60-80 beats per minute. This can be monitored by feeling the pulse (the contractions in an accessible artery where it runs parallel to a bone) in the wrist or neck, for example.

2 Stroke volume: the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one contraction. It is the volume of blood in the ventricles before they contract.

Blood pressure (BP): the force exerted by blood on vessel walls:

• Systolic BP is the pressure produced in the arterial system when the left ventricle contracts and
pushes blood into the aorta.

• Diastolic BP is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting (cardiac diastole).

Question 2

defintion of vein
ateries
pulmory circuclation
systematic circulation

Answer 2

Vein:​Blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart (VEIN=IN)​

Artery:​Blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart​

pulmonary circulation:

blood circulation to and from the lungs

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs​

pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart​

systematic circulation :
blood circulation around the body
ateries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
veins- carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Question 3

what is the cardiac cycle

Answer 3

1. as the atria and ventricles relax ( diastole ), they fill with blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein
2. the atria contract ( systole ) , squeezing more blood into the ventricles
3. next the ventricles contract, squeezing blood into the pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 4

the heartbeat

Answer 4

the heartbeat is transmitted through the hearts nervous impulses, arrivial of the impulse at each for sites causes a wave of contraction of the caradic muscle

Question 5

regulation of heart

Answer 5

the sympathetic nerverous on system- speeds up heart rate , of example during exercise or stress
parasympathic system - slows down heart rate during rest or sleep. the hormone adeerline causes heart rate to increase during flight or flight response

Question 6

pulmory circulation and systematic circulation

Answer 6

pulmonary circulation- the right side of the heart pumps blood into the lungs where gases exchange takes place oxygen ( O2) diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide ( CO2) diffuses out of the blood and into air sacs for exhalation.
-systemic circulation- the left side of the heart pumps blood into body where cells take up oxygen and nutrients. tissue waste are passed into the blood for excretion.

Question 7

BLOOD VESSELS ( red)oxygenated)
BLUE( deoxygnated)++

Answer 7

the aorta is the largest blood vessel leaving the left ventricle of the heart to supply oxygenarted blood to the rest on the body
- many major ateries branch of aorta to suply different areas of the body with oxygen . ateries have thick musclar elastic walls
- the ateries lead to smaller blood vessels called arterioles whiich deliever blood to the capilaries in body organs and tissues

• capaliers- supply the cells cells and tissues with nuterients , their walls are only one cell thick to maximse the rate of diffussion into and out of the cell
  caplieerise unite arteroius and venules in the cells and tissue

Question 8

deoygenated BLODD

Answer 8

venules feed into the veins which cary deoygenated blood and waste back towards the heart. the pressure in the veins is lower than in the ateries so there walls are thinner and less musclar
- veins have valves at intervals to prevent the backflow of blood

major veins feed into the inferor vena cava and superior vena cava, returing deoxygenated blood to right atruim of heart

Question 9

Structure of arteries

Answer 9

Structure​
Thick muscular walls​
Smooth muscle/elastic cartilage ​
allow vessels to expand and contract​
Do not contain valves​
Smaller lumen (round)​
3 layers​

Pressure of Blood​
Highest ​
Blood just left the heart​
Smaller lumen increases blood pressure​

Function ​
Carry blood away from the heart​

Question 10

structure of arterioles

Answer 10

Smaller branches of arteries​
Slightly larger lumen than arteries – slow down blood pressure before entering capillaries​
2 layers​
Pressure of Blood​
High – blood travels further, smaller lumen increases blood pressure​

Function
​
Carry blood away from the heart, regulate blood flow.​
Provide an extensive network to supply capillaries.

Question 11

capillaries

Answer 11

• smallest blood vessel
  only one cell thick
• tiny spaces in thin capillary walls to allow diffusion ( Co2 and oxygen)