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Anatomy > Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are located at the dorsal boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Thoracic vertebra and longus colli muscle

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2
Q

What structures are located at the ventral boundary of the thoracic cavity?

A

Transverse thoracis muscle and internal thoracic vessels

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3
Q

What structures are located at the lateral/costal walls of the thoracic cavity?

A

External intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles

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4
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Active

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5
Q

What is the most important muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm m

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6
Q

Other than the diaphragm, what are the other inspiratory muscles?

A

Serratus dorsalis cranialis, scalenus, rectus thoracis, and external intercostal mm

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7
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process?

A

Passive, but can be active during exercise, coughing, or sneezing

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8
Q

What are the muscles involved in expiration?

A

Serratus dorsalis caudalis, internal intercostal, and abdominal mm

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9
Q

What is the name of the serous membrane that produces a serous fluid that protects, prevents friction and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity walls?

A

Serosa

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10
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Central area of the thorax

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11
Q

What covers the cranial mediastinum, middle mediastinum, and caudal mediastinum?

A

Mediastinal pleura

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12
Q

What covers the walls of the pleural cavity?

A

Parietal plurae

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13
Q

What covers the inner portion of the pleural cavity?

A

Visceral (pulmonary) pleurae

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue that glues the parietal pleura with ribs and intercostal muscles?

A

Endothoracic fascia

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15
Q

What is the pleural cavity space that is not occupied by the caudal lobe of the lung even in a maximal inspiration?

A

Costodiaphragmatic resess

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16
Q

Does the pleural cavity have positive or negative pressure?

A

Negative
Around -5 cm H2O at rest in dogs

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17
Q

What is the term for a rupture of the thoracic wall that communicate the exterior with the pleural cavity and may create suction of air toward the pleural cavity? It may also occur by rupture of a lung.

A

Pneumothorax

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18
Q

Does a pneumothorax produce a positive or negative pressure inside the pleural cavity? What does this cause?

A

Positive
Causes lungs to collapse

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19
Q

What is the anatomical (serous) pericardium?

A

Closed sac that envelops most of the heart

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20
Q

What is the visceral pericardium (epicardium)?

A

Serous membrane adhering to the heart

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21
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Space in between parietal and visceral pericardium

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22
Q

What is the layer between anatomical pericardium and pericardial cavity?

A

Parietal serous pericardium

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23
Q

The clinical pericardium or pericardial sac layers are fused together. What are these layers?

A

Parietal serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium, and pericardial mediastinal pleura

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24
Q

What ligament connects fibrous pericardium to sternal part of the diaphragm in carnivores?

A

Phrenicopericardial ligament

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25
Q

Is the cardiovascular system an open or closed system?

A

Closed

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26
Q

The cardiovascular system is composed of what?

A

Heart, blood vascular system, lymphatic system

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27
Q

What does systemic circulation mean?

A

Blood flows from heart to every tissue in body except lungs and back to heart

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28
Q

Is the lymphatic circulation an open or closed system?

A

Open

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29
Q

What system is responsible for the immunological defense of the body and drains the extra cellular fluids?

A

Lymphatic system

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30
Q

If the lymphatic system has trouble draining or accumulates too much fluid, what occurs?

A

Edema

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31
Q

What structure filters the lymphatic fluid and produces immune cells (lymphocytes)?

A

Lymph node

32
Q

Lymph nodes are composed of afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels. Which serves as the entrance to LN? Exit?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels are entrance
Efferent lymphatic vessels are exit

33
Q

The epicardium is composed of what?

A

Mesothelium and thin layer of loose connective tissue

34
Q

The myocardium is composed of what?

A

Cardiac muscle, connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels

35
Q

The endocardium is composed of what?

A

Endothelium and connective tissue

36
Q

What two terms are used to describe the conformation of the heart? Describe.

A

Base (wider top portion) and Apex (narrower bottom portion)

37
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

38
Q

What structures can be seen when viewing the aricular face of the heart?

A

Right auricle, left auricle, right ventricle, left ventricle

39
Q

The aricular face of the heart is the surface of the heart facing what side of the thorax?

A

Left

40
Q

What structures can be seen when viewing the atrial face of the heart?

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

41
Q

The atrial face is the surface of the heart facing what side of the thorax?

A

Right

42
Q

What groove sits between the atria and ventricles and contains coronary vessels?

A

Coronary groove

43
Q

What grooves sit between the right and left ventricles at the location of the interventricular septum?

A

Interventricular grooves (paraconal and subsinuosal grooves)

44
Q

Which interventricular groove can be seen on the aricular face?

A

Paraconal groove

45
Q

Which interventricular groove can be seen on the atrial face?

A

Subsinuosal groove

46
Q

What period are the ventricles filling and relaxing?

A

Diastole

47
Q

What is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries?

A

Systole

48
Q

Where is the conus arteriosis?

A

In the right ventricle of the heart, at the upper left angle

49
Q

What chambers of the heart does the conus arteriosus belong to?

A

Right ventricle

50
Q

The azygous vein is usually related with what vessel?

A

Cranial vena cava

51
Q

The papillary muscles and chorda tendinea are related with what valve?

A

Right atrioventricular valve

52
Q

Atrioventricular valves are fibrous structures designed to prevent what?

A

The reflux of blood from ventricles to the atrium

53
Q

What are the chorda tendinea?

A

Strings of connective tissue attached to the border of the cuspids and to the papillary muscles in the opposed end

54
Q

All valves and related structures are covered by what?

A

Endocardium

55
Q

Pulmonary and aortic valves are fibrous structures designed to prevent what?

A

The reflux of blood from pulmonary trunk and aorta to the ventricles

56
Q

What valves do not have chorda tendinae or papillary muscles?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves are fibrous

57
Q

The pulmonary and aortic valves are formed by how many valvulae?

A

Three

58
Q

Name the layers, from superficial to deep, that a needle must cross to perform an intracardiac injection through the left 5th intercostal space.

A

Skin, subcutaneous, muscles (may or may not include rectus thoracis m), external intercostal m, internal intercostal m, endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura, mediastinal pleura (pericardial), fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, epicardium (visceral serous pericardium), myocardium and endocardium

59
Q

What is the difference between clinical and anatomical pericardium?

A

Anatomical only considers the serous membranes, parietal and visceral pericardium
Clinical is the pericardial sac around the heart that includes all the layers of tissue

60
Q

What is the content of the hilus of the right lung?

A

Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, autonomic nerves, main bronchi

61
Q

Where is the pulmonary ligament of the right lung located?

A

Attached to the accessory lung lobe on the dorsal process of the lobe, pointing caudally

62
Q

What is the content of the hilus of the left lung?

A

Pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, lymphatics, autonomic nerves, main bronchi

63
Q

Where is the pulmonary ligament of the left lung located?

A

Attached to the mediastinum and extends from the 8th-12th ribs

64
Q

What is the name of the muscular ridges on the ventricular walls of the heart?

A

Trabeculae carneae

65
Q

What is trabeculae septomarginalis?

A

Muscular strand that courses across the lumen of the ventricle

66
Q

What is the purpose of trabeculae septomarginalis?

A

Conducts purkinje fibers from the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle across the lumen of the ventricle.

67
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Conical muscular projections in the ventricles that give rise to chordae tendinae

68
Q

What sound is associated with systole?

A

Lub

69
Q

What sound is associated with diastole?

A

Dub

70
Q

What heart valves can be found on the left side of a dog?

A

Pulmonary, aortic, and mitral

71
Q

What valve can be found on the right side of a dog?

A

Tricuspid

72
Q

The pulmonary valve is associated with what intercostal space?

A

3rd

73
Q

The aortic valve is associated with what intercostal space?

A

4th

74
Q

The mitral valve is associated with what intercostal space?

A

5th

75
Q

The tricuspid valve is associated with what intercostal space?

A

4th

76
Q

What vessels originate from the aorta and branch off into smaller arteries, which supply oxygen rich blood to the entire heart muscle?

A

Coronary arteries

Anatomy (18 decks)

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