Cardiopulm Pharm Flashcards
Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists
Dilation of arterioles and veins -> Decrease BP
-sins
(doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin)
ACE Inhibitors
Decrease BP and afterload
-prils
(captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril)
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
–> Vasodilation (decrease BP)
Losartan, candesartan, valsartan
Antiarrhythmic Agents
4 classes (sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, inhibiting K/Na channels, and calcium channel blockers)
Class III (K/Na channel inhibitors) most effective. Prolong repolarization (amiodarone)
Side effects: Exacerbation of arrhythmias
Anticoagulant Agents
Inhibit platelet aggregation
E.g. someone who has had a mechanical valve replacement
Heparin, coumadin (warfarin), Lovenox (enoxaparin)
Antihyperlipidemia Agents
5 categories
Most common: Statins
Side effects: HA, GI distress, myalgia, rash
Lipitor (atorvastatin), Zocor (simvastatin), Tricor (fenofibrate)
Antiplatelet/ Antithrombotic
Inhibit platelet aggregation (less strong than anticoagulant)
Bayer (aspirin), Plavix (clopidogrel)
Beta blockers
Decrease HR and contractility (block beta-adrenergic receptors)
Diminished HR and BP response to exercise
Atenolol, metoprolol (lopressor)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Decrease entry of Ca into smooth muscle –> vasodilation, decreased cardiac contractility
Side effects: Congestive heart failure/ fluid overload
Amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem
Diuretics
Increase excretion of sidum and urine –> decrease BP
Thiazide: chlorothiazide
Loop: Lasix
Potassium Sparing: Dyrenium
Nitrates
Smooth muscle relaxation, dilation of peripheral vessels –> decrease ischemia
Nitroglycerin, isordil (isosorbide dinitrate), amyl nitrite solution
Positive inotropic agents
Increase force and velocity of myocardial contraction, slow heart rate, decrease sympathetic activation
Side effects: Arrhythmias
PT Implications: Monitor HR and teach patient to take their pulse. Rate should stay 60-100
Lanoxin (digoxin)
Thrombolytic Agents
Conversion of plasminogen to plasmin –> clot breakdown
Kinlytic (urokinase), Activase (alteplase)
Enhanced Extracorporeal Counterpulsation
Inflation of pressure cuffs on the LEs to assist with venous return to the heart.
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
Inflation and deflation of a balloon surgically placed into the aorta, providing circulatory assistance for patients after infarction or with cardiogenic shock.
Pacemaker modes and functions
NBG code
Describes chamber placed, chamber sensed, response sensed, rate modulation, multisite pacing
Antihistamines
Decrease nasal congestion, mucosal irritation.
Side effects: arrhytmias, OHTN, drowsiness, HA
Benadryl (diphenhydramine), Allegra, Zyrtec, Claritin
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Prevent inflammatory-mediated bronchoconstriction.
Include inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mast-cell stabilizers
NOT bronchodilators –> Not for acute episodes of asthma.
Side effect of luekotriene modifier includes liver dysfunction
Qvar, Pulmicort, AeroBid, Zyflo, Nasalcrom
Proper use of inhaler
Rinse mouth with water after use to avoid mucosal irritation (corticosteroid inhalers).
Bronchodilators
Relieve bronchospasm
Includes anticholinergics, sympathomimetics, and xanthine derivatives
Side effects: Paradoxical bronchospasm, sympathetic symptoms
Anticholinergic: Atrovent, Spiriva
Sympathomimetic: albuterol, epinephrine, salmeterol
Xanthin derivative: Theophylline, aminophylline
Expectorants
Increase respiratory secretions to loosen mucus –> increases efficiency of cough reflex and ciliary action
PT: Use airway clearance techniques within 1 hour of drug administration
Mucinex, terpin hydrate
Mucolytic Agents
Decrease viscosity of mucus –> easier to expectorate. Administered via nebulizer
Side effects: Pharyngitis, oral mucosa inflammation, rhinitis, chest pain
PT: Use airway clearance techniques within 1 hour of drug administration
Pulmozyme, Mucosil, Mucomyst
