Cardioplum Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

Hypertrophy of R ventricle due to lung disease

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2
Q

How severe does CAD have to be before symptoms are felt?

A

70% of lumen occluded

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3
Q

What percentage of DVT cases are asymptomatic?

A

50%

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4
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves.
Can damage/ destroy heart valves if untreated

S/s include fever, chills, heart murmur, fatigue, SOB, weight loss, blood in urine, skin petechiae

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5
Q

Auscultation findings with congestive heart failure

A

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

S3 or S4 heart sounds

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6
Q

Medications for someone with heart failure

A

Anticoagulants, antihypertensives, digitalis

ACE inhibitor and Beta blocker

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7
Q

Stage 1 HTN definition (adults)

A

Systolic 140-159

Diastolic 90-99

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8
Q

HTN definition (children)

A

Systolic and/or diastolic BP = or > 95th percentile of the BP distribution for age

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9
Q

Primary vs. Secondary HTN

A

Primary (essential): No known cause

Secondary: Identified cause, usually renal disease

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10
Q

Stage 2 HTN (adults)

A

Systolic 160+

Diastolic 100+

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11
Q

Prehypertensive definition

A

Systolic 120-139

Diastolic 80-89

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12
Q

Causes of MI

A

Usually blockage by atherosclerotic plaque or blood clot

Uncommonly: Spasm of coronary artery

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13
Q

Heart Attack/ MI Symptoms

A

Most common: Chest Pain (for both genders)

Women more likely than men to experience SOB, N/V, back/jaw pain

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14
Q

Myocarditis

A

Infllamation/ weakness of myocardium

Myocardium becomes thick and swollen, leading to symptoms of heart failure

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15
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of pericardium, usually due to viral infection

Leads to pericardial effusion (increase in pericardial fluid - fluid between the two layers of the pericardium).

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16
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Extreme pericardial effusion - fluid builds up so much that heart can’t fill with blood –> decreased BP
Treated with pericardiocentesis

17
Q

Finding in nails that indicates peripheral arterial disease

A

Hypertrophic nails

18
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A

Complication of Strep A infection
Can damage heart valves and –> heart failure
S/s include red, swollen, painful joints; fever; heart palpitations; chest pain; SOB; skin rash

19
Q

Valve regurgitation

A

AKA Vavle insufficiency/ incompetence

Blood leaks backward through damaged valve

20
Q

Valve stenosis

A

Leaflets thicken, stiffen, or fuse together

Don’t allow enough blood flow through the valve

21
Q

ARDS

A

Sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli
Usually happens to patients who are already critically ill/ have significant injuries
Fatal in 25-40% of people
Caused by smallest blood vessels in the lungs leaking into alveoli

22
Q

Asthma

A

Obstructive disease

23
Q

Causes of Atelectasis

A

Conditions/ factors that prevent deep breathing and coughing
(post op pain, pleural effusion, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, CF)

24
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Progressive obstructive disease –> abnormal dilation of bronchus

25
Chronic bronchitis definition and cause
Productive cough for 3 months over the course of 2 consecutive years Most common cause: Smoking. Other causes: Exposure to pollutants, dust, toxic gases Productive cough, worse in morning and damp weather
26
2 conditions that comprise COPD
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
27
COPD description
Alveolar destruction and subsequent air trapping Increased total lung capacity Decreased residual volume
28
Emphysema
Alveolar walls destroyed. Elastic fibers that hold open bronchioles are destroyed --> collapse during exhalation --> air is trapped Barrel chest
29
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
30
Pulmonary Edema
Most commonly due to left heart failure
31
Restrictive lung disease
Abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation E.g. pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, pneumonia Decreased vital capacity (both inhalation and exhalation volumes are limited)
32
Obstructive lung disease hallmarks
Decreased flow rates Exhalation is difficult due to air trapping Inhalation is not as obstructed E.g. COPD, asthma, OSA