Cardioplum Pathology Flashcards
Cor Pulmonale
Hypertrophy of R ventricle due to lung disease
How severe does CAD have to be before symptoms are felt?
70% of lumen occluded
What percentage of DVT cases are asymptomatic?
50%
Endocarditis
Inflammation of endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves.
Can damage/ destroy heart valves if untreated
S/s include fever, chills, heart murmur, fatigue, SOB, weight loss, blood in urine, skin petechiae
Auscultation findings with congestive heart failure
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
S3 or S4 heart sounds
Medications for someone with heart failure
Anticoagulants, antihypertensives, digitalis
ACE inhibitor and Beta blocker
Stage 1 HTN definition (adults)
Systolic 140-159
Diastolic 90-99
HTN definition (children)
Systolic and/or diastolic BP = or > 95th percentile of the BP distribution for age
Primary vs. Secondary HTN
Primary (essential): No known cause
Secondary: Identified cause, usually renal disease
Stage 2 HTN (adults)
Systolic 160+
Diastolic 100+
Prehypertensive definition
Systolic 120-139
Diastolic 80-89
Causes of MI
Usually blockage by atherosclerotic plaque or blood clot
Uncommonly: Spasm of coronary artery
Heart Attack/ MI Symptoms
Most common: Chest Pain (for both genders)
Women more likely than men to experience SOB, N/V, back/jaw pain
Myocarditis
Infllamation/ weakness of myocardium
Myocardium becomes thick and swollen, leading to symptoms of heart failure
Pericarditis
Inflammation of pericardium, usually due to viral infection
Leads to pericardial effusion (increase in pericardial fluid - fluid between the two layers of the pericardium).
Cardiac Tamponade
Extreme pericardial effusion - fluid builds up so much that heart can’t fill with blood –> decreased BP
Treated with pericardiocentesis
Finding in nails that indicates peripheral arterial disease
Hypertrophic nails
Rheumatic Fever
Complication of Strep A infection
Can damage heart valves and –> heart failure
S/s include red, swollen, painful joints; fever; heart palpitations; chest pain; SOB; skin rash
Valve regurgitation
AKA Vavle insufficiency/ incompetence
Blood leaks backward through damaged valve
Valve stenosis
Leaflets thicken, stiffen, or fuse together
Don’t allow enough blood flow through the valve
ARDS
Sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli
Usually happens to patients who are already critically ill/ have significant injuries
Fatal in 25-40% of people
Caused by smallest blood vessels in the lungs leaking into alveoli
Asthma
Obstructive disease
Causes of Atelectasis
Conditions/ factors that prevent deep breathing and coughing
(post op pain, pleural effusion, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, CF)
Bronchiectasis
Progressive obstructive disease –> abnormal dilation of bronchus
Chronic bronchitis definition and cause
Productive cough for 3 months over the course of 2 consecutive years
Most common cause: Smoking.
Other causes: Exposure to pollutants, dust, toxic gases
Productive cough, worse in morning and damp weather
2 conditions that comprise COPD
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
COPD description
Alveolar destruction and subsequent air trapping
Increased total lung capacity
Decreased residual volume
Emphysema
Alveolar walls destroyed. Elastic fibers that hold open bronchioles are destroyed –> collapse during exhalation –> air is trapped
Barrel chest
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs
Pulmonary Edema
Most commonly due to left heart failure
Restrictive lung disease
Abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation
E.g. pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, pneumonia
Decreased vital capacity (both inhalation and exhalation volumes are limited)
Obstructive lung disease hallmarks
Decreased flow rates
Exhalation is difficult due to air trapping
Inhalation is not as obstructed
E.g. COPD, asthma, OSA
