Cardioplum Pathology

Question 1

Cor Pulmonale

Answer 1

Hypertrophy of R ventricle due to lung disease

Question 2

How severe does CAD have to be before symptoms are felt?

Answer 2

70% of lumen occluded

Question 3

What percentage of DVT cases are asymptomatic?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

Endocarditis

Answer 4

Inflammation of endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves.
Can damage/ destroy heart valves if untreated

S/s include fever, chills, heart murmur, fatigue, SOB, weight loss, blood in urine, skin petechiae

Question 5

Auscultation findings with congestive heart failure

Answer 5

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

S3 or S4 heart sounds

Question 6

Medications for someone with heart failure

Answer 6

Anticoagulants, antihypertensives, digitalis

ACE inhibitor and Beta blocker

Question 7

Stage 1 HTN definition (adults)

Answer 7

Systolic 140-159

Diastolic 90-99

Question 8

HTN definition (children)

Answer 8

Systolic and/or diastolic BP = or > 95th percentile of the BP distribution for age

Question 9

Primary vs. Secondary HTN

Answer 9

Primary (essential): No known cause

Secondary: Identified cause, usually renal disease

Question 10

Stage 2 HTN (adults)

Answer 10

Systolic 160+

Diastolic 100+

Question 11

Prehypertensive definition

Answer 11

Systolic 120-139

Diastolic 80-89

Question 12

Causes of MI

Answer 12

Usually blockage by atherosclerotic plaque or blood clot

Uncommonly: Spasm of coronary artery

Question 13

Heart Attack/ MI Symptoms

Answer 13

Most common: Chest Pain (for both genders)

Women more likely than men to experience SOB, N/V, back/jaw pain

Question 14

Myocarditis

Answer 14

Infllamation/ weakness of myocardium

Myocardium becomes thick and swollen, leading to symptoms of heart failure

Question 15

Pericarditis

Answer 15

Inflammation of pericardium, usually due to viral infection

Leads to pericardial effusion (increase in pericardial fluid - fluid between the two layers of the pericardium).

Question 16

Cardiac Tamponade

Answer 16

Extreme pericardial effusion - fluid builds up so much that heart can’t fill with blood –> decreased BP
Treated with pericardiocentesis

Question 17

Finding in nails that indicates peripheral arterial disease

Answer 17

Hypertrophic nails

Question 18

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 18

Complication of Strep A infection
Can damage heart valves and –> heart failure
S/s include red, swollen, painful joints; fever; heart palpitations; chest pain; SOB; skin rash

Question 19

Valve regurgitation

Answer 19

AKA Vavle insufficiency/ incompetence

Blood leaks backward through damaged valve

Question 20

Valve stenosis

Answer 20

Leaflets thicken, stiffen, or fuse together

Don’t allow enough blood flow through the valve

Question 21

ARDS

Answer 21

Sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli
Usually happens to patients who are already critically ill/ have significant injuries
Fatal in 25-40% of people
Caused by smallest blood vessels in the lungs leaking into alveoli

Question 22

Asthma

Answer 22

Obstructive disease

Question 23

Causes of Atelectasis

Answer 23

Conditions/ factors that prevent deep breathing and coughing
(post op pain, pleural effusion, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, CF)

Question 24

Bronchiectasis

Answer 24

Progressive obstructive disease –> abnormal dilation of bronchus

Question 25

Chronic bronchitis definition and cause

Answer 25

Productive cough for 3 months over the course of 2 consecutive years
Most common cause: Smoking.
Other causes: Exposure to pollutants, dust, toxic gases

Productive cough, worse in morning and damp weather

Question 26

2 conditions that comprise COPD

Answer 26

Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis

Question 27

COPD description

Answer 27

Alveolar destruction and subsequent air trapping
Increased total lung capacity
Decreased residual volume

Question 28

Emphysema

Answer 28

Alveolar walls destroyed. Elastic fibers that hold open bronchioles are destroyed –> collapse during exhalation –> air is trapped
Barrel chest

Question 29

Pneumonia

Answer 29

Inflammation of the lungs

Question 30

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 30

Most commonly due to left heart failure

Question 31

Restrictive lung disease

Answer 31

Abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation
E.g. pulmonary fibrosis, atelectasis, pneumonia
Decreased vital capacity (both inhalation and exhalation volumes are limited)

Question 32

Obstructive lung disease hallmarks

Answer 32

Decreased flow rates
Exhalation is difficult due to air trapping
Inhalation is not as obstructed

E.g. COPD, asthma, OSA