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NPTE > Cardiopulm Anat/Phys > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Anat/Phys Flashcards

1
Q

Which node is the primary pacemaker?

A

SA

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2
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

A

From sympathetic trunk
Increases HR and contractility
Release of epinephrine/norepinephrine

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3
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart

A

Vagus
Decreases HR
Release of ACh
Primarily influences SA node

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4
Q

Bainbridge Reflex

A

Increase in venous return –> stretch receptors in RA –> inhibit parasympathetic activity –> increase HR

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5
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex

A

Increase in depth and rate of ventilation when receptors sense ppO2 <50 or acidosis

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6
Q

Normal Stroke Volume

A

60-80 mL

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7
Q

Normal Cardiac Output (rest)

A

5 L/min (slightly less for women)

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8
Q

Cardiac Output can increase up to ___ during exercise

A

25 L/min

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9
Q

Normal blood volume

A

4.5-5.0 L

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10
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid component of blood
Consists of H2O, electrolytes, proteins
50% of blood volume

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11
Q

RBCs

A

40% of blood volume

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12
Q

Anemia

A

Too few RBCs –> fatigue, weakness

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13
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many RBCs –> thick blood, increased risk of stroke, heart attack

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14
Q

Atypical ribs

A

1, 10, 11, 12

Only articulate with one vertebra

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15
Q

Principal muscles of inspiration

A

Diaphragm, intercostals

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16
Q

Pump handle/ bucket handle

A

Upper ribs: Pump handle

Lower ribs: Bucket handle

17
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

18
Q

Lower Respiratory ract

A

Trachea through alveoli

19
Q

Carina

A

Split in trachea, level of T4

20
Q

Lingula

A

Part of left upper lobe, analogous to right middle lobe

21
Q

Topographic units of the lungs

A

Bronchopulmonary Segments
10 in right
8 in left

22
Q

Respiratory unit of the lung

A

Acinus (contains 3000-4000 alveoli)

23
Q

Innervation of the Lungs

A

Sympathetic: Postganglionic fibers innervates smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels

Parasympathetic: Vagus

24
Q

What conditions (ppO2/CO2, etc) stimulate increased ventilation?

A

Increased ppCO2/ Hydrogen ion

Decreased ppO2

25
Q

Anatomic Dead Space Volume (VD)

A

Volume that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways

26
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation.
Approx 15% of total lung volume

27
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation (ERV + RV)
40% of total lung volume

28
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

A

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal exhalation (TV + IRV)
60% of total lung volume

29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume inspiration.
50% of total lung volume

30
Q

Minute volume ventilation (VE)

A

Volume of air expired in one minute

= TV x respiratory rate

31
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration
25% of total lung volume

32
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

10% of total lung volume

33
Q

Prinzmetal angina (Variant angina)

A

Occurs due to coronary artery spasm, most often associated with coronary artery disease

34
Q

Most common type of major birth defect:

A

Congenital heart defect

35
Q

S/S of coarctation of the aorta

A

Infants: palor, sweating, SOB
Older: High blood pressure in arms, lower BP in legs

36
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A 
VSD
Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Aorta overriding the VSD
Cyanotic (R>L shunt)
37
Q

Most common congenital heart defect in kids with DS

A

Atrioventricular Canal
Blood flows between all 4 chambers
Usually L>R shunt

NPTE (24 decks)

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