Cardiopulm Anat/Phys

Question 1

Which node is the primary pacemaker?

Answer 1

SA

Question 2

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 2

From sympathetic trunk
Increases HR and contractility
Release of epinephrine/norepinephrine

Question 3

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart

Answer 3

Vagus
Decreases HR
Release of ACh
Primarily influences SA node

Question 4

Bainbridge Reflex

Answer 4

Increase in venous return –> stretch receptors in RA –> inhibit parasympathetic activity –> increase HR

Question 5

Chemoreceptor reflex

Answer 5

Increase in depth and rate of ventilation when receptors sense ppO2 <50 or acidosis

Question 6

Normal Stroke Volume

Answer 6

60-80 mL

Question 7

Normal Cardiac Output (rest)

Answer 7

5 L/min (slightly less for women)

Question 8

Cardiac Output can increase up to ___ during exercise

Answer 8

25 L/min

Question 9

Normal blood volume

Answer 9

4.5-5.0 L

Question 10

Plasma

Answer 10

Liquid component of blood
Consists of H2O, electrolytes, proteins
50% of blood volume

Question 11

RBCs

Answer 11

40% of blood volume

Question 12

Anemia

Answer 12

Too few RBCs –> fatigue, weakness

Question 13

Polycythemia

Answer 13

Too many RBCs –> thick blood, increased risk of stroke, heart attack

Question 14

Atypical ribs

Answer 14

1, 10, 11, 12

Only articulate with one vertebra

Question 15

Principal muscles of inspiration

Answer 15

Diaphragm, intercostals

Question 16

Pump handle/ bucket handle

Answer 16

Upper ribs: Pump handle

Lower ribs: Bucket handle

Question 17

Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 17

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

Question 18

Lower Respiratory ract

Answer 18

Trachea through alveoli

Question 19

Carina

Answer 19

Split in trachea, level of T4

Question 20

Lingula

Answer 20

Part of left upper lobe, analogous to right middle lobe

Question 21

Topographic units of the lungs

Answer 21

Bronchopulmonary Segments
10 in right
8 in left

Question 22

Respiratory unit of the lung

Answer 22

Acinus (contains 3000-4000 alveoli)

Question 23

Innervation of the Lungs

Answer 23

Sympathetic: Postganglionic fibers innervates smooth muscle of bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels

Parasympathetic: Vagus

Question 24

What conditions (ppO2/CO2, etc) stimulate increased ventilation?

Answer 24

Increased ppCO2/ Hydrogen ion

Decreased ppO2

Question 25

Anatomic Dead Space Volume (VD)

Answer 25

Volume that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways

Question 26

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 26

Amount of air that can still be exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation. Approx 15% of total lung volume

Question 27

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 27

Volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation (ERV + RV) 40% of total lung volume

Question 28

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 28

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal exhalation (TV + IRV) 60% of total lung volume

Question 29

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 29

Maximal volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume inspiration. 50% of total lung volume

Question 30

Minute volume ventilation (VE)

Answer 30

Volume of air expired in one minute | = TV x respiratory rate

Question 31

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 31

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration 25% of total lung volume

Question 32

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 32

10% of total lung volume

Question 33

Prinzmetal angina (Variant angina)

Answer 33

Occurs due to coronary artery spasm, most often associated with coronary artery disease

Question 34

Most common type of major birth defect:

Answer 34

Congenital heart defect

Question 35

S/S of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 35

Infants: palor, sweating, SOB Older: High blood pressure in arms, lower BP in legs

Question 36

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 36

``` VSD Pulmonary stenosis Right ventricular hypertrophy Aorta overriding the VSD Cyanotic (R>L shunt) ```

Question 37

Most common congenital heart defect in kids with DS

Answer 37

Atrioventricular Canal Blood flows between all 4 chambers Usually L>R shunt