Cardiopulm Anatomy Flashcards
What are the tops and bottom of the heart called?
Base: upper border of heart
APex: lowest part and formed by the left ventricle
What tissue lines the interior of the heart chambers?
endocardium
What is the serous layer of the pericardium?
epicardium
What is the double-walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels?
pericaridum
What are the 3 main branches of the RIGHT coronary artery and what do they supply?
- sinus node artery - right atrium
- right marginal artery - right ventricle
- posterior descending artery - inferior walls of both ventricles, inferior portion of interventricular septum
What are the 2 main branches of LEFT coronary artery and what do they supply?
- Circumflex artery - left atrium, left ventricle
2. Left anterior descending artery - anterior portion of interventricular septum
What neurotransmitters are released by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems to control heart rate and conduction?
Sympathetic: epinephrine and norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: acetylcholine
What are the high and low pressure receptors of the circulatory system?
Baroreceptors - high pressure receptors
Cardiopulmonary - low pressure receptors
What is the Bainbridge reflex and what does it result in?
an increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of the right atrium which sends vagal afferent signals to the cardiovascular center within the medulla. The signal inhibits parasympathetic activity, resulting in an increased heart rate
When is the Chemoreceptor Reflex activated and what does it result in?
at an arterial partial oxygen pressure of less than 50 mmHg or in conditions of acidosis chemosensitive cells located in carotid bodies and the aortic body stimulate respiratory centers and increased the depth and rate of ventilation. This also activates the PNS reducing HR and myocardial contractility
What system is activated by the Valsalva manuever due to increased central venous pressure and decreased venous return?
sympathetic stimulation of HR and contractility
What term refers to the forces that impede flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in peripheral vasculature, the compliance of the aorta, and mass and viscosity of blood?
afterload
what is average stroke volume and cardiac output?
Stroke volume: 60-80 mL
Cardiac output: 4.5 to 5.0 L/min
what are 3 symptoms of hypovolemia?
- orthostatic hypotension
- tachycardia
- elevated body temperature
what percent of total blood volume is red blood cells and what percent plasma?
Red blood cells: 40%
Plasma: more than half
What is called when their is a high number of blood platelets that can increase the risk of thrombosis that may result in a stroke or heart attack?
Thrombocythemia
What is another term for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What are the 5 main types of white blood cells?
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which type of white blood cell develops into cells that produce antibodies?
B Lymphocytes
Which white blood cell participates in allergic reactions?
Basophils
Which 4 ribs articulate with only 1 vertebrae?
ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12
what are the 2 primary muscles of inspiration?
the diaphragm and external intercostals
What happens with contraction of the external and internal intercostals?
ribs are elevated
what muscles are used to exhale with queit vs forceful breathing?
Quiet: passive recoil of lungs and rib cage
Forceful: rectus abdominus, internal/external oblique, and transverse abdominus
how many lobes in each lung?
3 in right and 2 in left
What is the lingula of the left upper lung lung analgous to?
the middle lobe of the right lung
What provides sympathetic and parasympathetic control to the lungs?
Sympathetic: postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
Parasympathetic: vagus nerve
Central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to what and do what to ventillation?
respond to increases in the partial pressure of CO2 and hydrogen ions by INCREASING ventillation
