Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Difficult Passmed- MLA > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What type of MI is known to have AV block as a complication?

A

INferior - ST elevation in II, III, AVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When to use rhythm control to treat AF

A

If coexistent HF, first onset AF or obvious reversible cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intracranial haemorrhage on warfarin - what to do

A

Stop warfarin, give 5mg Vitamin K IV and PT complex concentrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (broad complex)- torsades de pointes - mx

A

Mg sulphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pulseless electrical activity mx

A

Non shockable so give adrenaline then CPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the QT interval on an ECG

A

Time between the start of the Q wave and end of T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ivabradine S/E

A

visual effects - luminous phenomena
Headache
Bradycardia, heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Young adult with HTN, systolic murmur heard best over back and LVH - dx

A

Coarctation aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What foods to avoid in warfarin

A

Broccoli, spinach, kale , sprouts = high vt k

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ALS VF/Pulseless VT VS Non shockable

A

VF/Pulseless VT = shockable (up to 3 if monitored) - 2 mins cpr. Amiodarone 300mcg after 3 shocks and adrenaline 1mg (every 3-5mins). If 5 shocks then amidoarone/lidocaine also

Non shockable = Adrenaline 1mg + repeat. If thrombolyti drugs then 60-90mins CPR. If hypothermia only 3 shocks before >30 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HTN Mx

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mx SVT

A

Vagal manoeuvres then IV adenosine - not in asthmatics 6-12-12
If unsuccessful then consider atrial flitter and control rate (BB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CHADS VASC2

A

0 - no tx
1 males - consider antocga
1 female - no
2+ offer
still give if paroxysmal and high score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unstable tachycardia mx

A

Hypotension, pallor, syncope, myocardial ischaemia, HF
Up to 3 synchronised shocks + amiodarone infusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Angina step up Mx

A

Aspirin + GTN +
BB/CCB (verapamil)
BB+ CCB/Amlodipine
Long acting nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ejection systolic - Louder on expiration = high pitch, slow rising pulse, narrow PP, radiates to carotid

Dx and Mx

A

Aortic stenosis

Asymp + valvular gradient <40 = observe.
-Symp or >40 then replace with surgery or if frail (transcatheter).
-In children- balloon valvuloplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ejection systolic murmur

Louder expiration = increased with valsalva. Quieter on squat.

Dx and Mx

A

HOCM

Need ICD (sudden death risk)
Causes diastolic dysfunction (HF with preserved ejection fraction)
ECHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ejection systolic murmur fixed splitting S2. Embolisms can pass and cause strokes/

what murmur is this

A

ASD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Early diastolic murmur

high pitch, blowing, corrigans collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure, Quinke’s sign (nailbed pulsation), De musset’s sign (head bobbing)

Type murmur, IX, TX

A

aortic regurgitation

ECHO
Medical Mx HF, surgery (symptomatic with severe or asymp with severe and lV systolic dysfunction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pansystolic murmur -blowing, ass with collagen disorders, high pitch whistle, louder expiration

WHta murmur and Mx

A

mitral regurgitation

Nitrates, diuretics, positive inotropes, intr aortic balloon pump
If HF, can consider ACEi
In severe - surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pansystolic murmur = blowing, high pitch, louder inspiration
Pulsatile herpaotmegaly, left parasternal heave

type murmur

A

tricuspid regard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mid to late diastolic murmur

low pitch rumbling, ass with Atrial fibrillation. Tapping apex beat

Dx, cause, mx

A

Mitral stenosis - low pitch rumbling, ass with Atrial fibrillation. Tapping apex beat
Rheumatic fever is the cause!!
Dyspnea, haemotpysis, loud S1, opening snap, low vol pulse, malar flush
Ass AF need anticoag
Asymp patients- monitored with reg ECHO
Symp - percutaneous mitrla balloon valvotomy, mitral valve surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Murmur:
Late systolic, decrease fem pulses, ass with turners, maximal over back (scapulae between), notching of inferior border of ribs

A

Coarctation aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Continuous machine like murmur

A

PDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Quiet S1 cause
Mitral regurgitation
26
Loud S1
Mitral stenosis
27
Loud S2 cause
HTN
28
AV blocks - types and mx
29
Mx for STEMI
30
Mx NSTEMI
31
V1-V4 leads: which artery
Anterior (septal) = V1-4 = LAD
32
Which view of the heart and artery for II, III, AVF
Inferior Right coronary artery II,III,AVF
33
Which view of the heart and artery for I, V5-6
Lateral left circumflex
34
Which view of heart and artery for v1-3
Posterior = V1-3 (tall broad R waves,upright T waves, horizontal ST depression on 12 lead. Usually left circumflex, alo righ coronary. Confirmed by ST elevation and Q waves in posterior leads V7-9
35
MI CX - <48hr, 1-2 weeks, 2-6 weeks
Pericarditis (<48HR) 2-6 weeks = Dressler’s - fever, pleuritic pain, pericarditis (NSAIDs) 1-2 weeks = LV Free wall rupture - cardiac tamponade (muffled heart sounds, Increased JVP, pulsus paradoxus, electrical alternans on ECG)
36
AAA: The 3 categories and when to re scan or refer
3-4.4cm = rescan 12m 4.5-5.4cm = every 3m >5.5 = refer <2 weeks
37
TIA - what medications afterwards
Clopidogrel life or 2. Aspirin + dipyridamole
38
Warfarin rules and what to give: INR >8 minor bleeding INR >8 no bleeding INR 5-8 minor bleeding INR 5-8 no bleeding
Major bleeding - stop warfarin, IV VK, PT INR >8 minor bleeding - stop warfarin, IV VK (+/- repeat 24hr), restart warfarin when INR <5 INR >8 no bleeding - stop warfarin, PO VK, restrat when INR<5 INR 5-8 minor bleeding - stop warfarin, IV VK, restrat when INR<5 INR 5-8 no bleeding - withhold ½ warfarin, reduce subsequent maintenance dose
39
Posterior circulation symptoms like dizziness and vertigo duing exertion of an arm. There is subclavian artery steno-occlusive disease proximal to the origin of vertebral artery and associated with flow reversal in vertebral artery. Management - percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or a stent.
Subclavian steal syndrome
40
Ix and mx in aortic dissection (severe sharp chest/back pain, maximal at onset, pulse def, aortic regurgitation)
Depending on arteries - angina, paraplegia,limb ischaemia CXR - widened mediastinu. CTA is best - false lumen. If unstable then Transoesophageal ECHO TA = ascending = surg x but bP controlled 100-120 whilst waiting TB = conservative, bed rest, reduce BP with iV labetolol to prevent progression
41
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ass with long QT interval WHta is this and Mx
Torsades de pointes IV MGS04-
42
ATLS - shockable vs not shockable
CPR 30:2 and attach defib/monitor Assess rhythm Shockable = VF/Pulseless VT = 1 shock then CPR (if witnessed and monitored then up to 3 shocks) Adrenaline 1mg once chest compressions restarted after 3rd shock. Then repeat every 3-5mins Amiodarone 300mg if VF/pulseless VT after 3 shocks Further dose amiodaorne 150mg after 5 shocks. Alternative is lidocaine Non shockable = PEA/ASystole = immediately resume CPR 2mins. Adrenaline asap 1mg then repeat every 3-5mins Thrombolytic drugs - if PE suspected and if given then CPR extended 60-90mins
43
Angina Tx
Aspirin + statin + sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (tolerance so asymmetric dosing) BB/CCB (verapamil or diltiazam) BB + CCB (amlodipine or MR nifedipine as the CCB) If on CCB and cant tolerate addition of other then consider long acting nitrate, ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine Only add third drug if waiting assessment for PCI/CABG
44
Causes dilated cardiomyopathies
Causes - alcohol, Coxsackie, wet beri beri, doxorubicin
45
restive cardiomyopathy causes
Causes - amyloidosis, post-radiotherapy, Loeffler’s endocarditis
46
Systolic vs diastolic dysfunction HF in relation to ejection fraction and causes
By ejection fraction: Systolic dysfunction - Reduced ejection fraction - IHD, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, arrhythmias Diastolic - Preserved EF - HOCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy, cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis
47
LHF VS RHF symptoms
RHF = caused by increased RV afterload (Pulm HTN) or increased RV preload (tricuspid regurg) Lvf = pulmonary oedema RVF = peripheral oedema, raised JVP, hepatomegaly
48
High output HF - what is this and what are the causes
High output HF: Normal heart is unable to unable to pump enough blood to meet metabolic needs of body Causes - Anaemia AV malformation, Pagets disease, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, thiamine def
49
Features of Chronic Heart failure
Dyspnea, cough, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, wheeze, weight loss, bibasal crackles, signs RHF (raised JVP, ankle oedema, hepatomegaly)
50
Management Chronic HF - first line medications
1. ACEi + BB 2. Aldosterone antagonist (monitor K+). SGLT-2 inhibitors used more in reduced ejection fraction. 3. Specialist - ivabradie, sacubitril valsartan, digoxin, hydralazine in combo with nitrate, cardiac resynchronisation therapy Annual flu and one off pneumococcal NYHA 1 - no symp - NYHA IV - severe symp = rest pain
51
Features of acute HF
Sudden onset or worsening of symptoms Breathless, reduced exercise tolerance, oedema, fatigue Cyanosis, tachy, elevated JVP, displaced apex beat, chest signs (bibasal crackles), S3 heart sound
52
Ix in Acute HF
Bloods - anaemia. Abnormal electrolytes check CXR - pulm venous congestion, interstitial oedema,c ardiomegaly ECHO - if new onset or suspected change in function BT NP
53
Bones stones groan psychic moan Shortened QT interval HTN electrolyte abnormality
Hypercalcaemia
54
Organisms for infective endocarditis (most common)
Mostly mitral valve Mostly staph aureus (esp in acute/IVDUs) - others include: strep viridans (dentl hygiene), staph epidermis (indwelling lines), strep bovis (CRC)
55
management of postural hypotension - some medication options
Midodrine and fludrocortisone
56
Perri arrest for bradycardia - mx
Need for Tx signs = shock, syncope, MI, HF Atorpine 500mcg Up to max 3mg atropgine, trascutaneous pacing, isoprenaline/adrenaline infusion titrated to respoinse
57
Peri arrest tacky
Unstable is shock, syncope, MI, HF Synchronised DC shock - up to 3
58
raynauds with extremity ischaemia, male, smoker. DX
Beurgers disease - thromboangiits obliterans
59
Which angina drug can cause ulceration in GIT
Nicorandil
60
first line anginal prophylaxis
BB
61
What is brugada syndrome
inherited CVD which may present with udden cardiac death. Autosomal dominant. Partial RBBB, convex ST elevation, ECG changes more apparent after flecainide. ICD needed
62
Mx rheumatic fever
IM Benzylpenicillin/oral penicillin V
63
First line mx to pericarditis
ibuprofen and colchicine
64
When to stop warfarin before surgery and what if you need to bridge it
5 day sbefore If bridge it then o with LMWH until 3 days before
65
Important interaction between statin and an ABx - which Abx and why
Can't have statin and macrloife abx (clarithromycin) die to risk rhabdomyolysis
66
Patient with AF and acute stroke (to hemorrhagic) - when to start anticoagulant tx and medication in between
Aspirin daily and start anticoagulant after 2 weeks
67
Pedunculated heterogenous mass on ECHO
Atrial myxoma
68
What is a non sensitive ECG sign of cardiac tamponade
Electrical alternans - beat to beat variation in QRS amplitude and morphology due to swinging in pericardial fluid.
69
What WELLs score indicates a CTPA should be done
>4
70
If a pt with reduced ejection fraction HF still have symptoms despite being on ACE inhibitor, BB blocker then what medication to add
Spironolactone - mineralcorticodid receptor antagonist
71
Target INR normally and when you suffer form recurrent pulmonary embolisms
Normally 2-3 Recurrent PEs = 3.5 (so may have to increase dose anticoags)

Difficult Passmed- MLA (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions