Carbohydrate Metabolism

Question 1

How does cortisol effect glucose?

Answer 1

Cortisol antagonizes insulin in the body, thus, increasing gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Question 2

What are the effects of epinephrine on glucose?

Answer 2

• Increases adrenocorticotropic hormone
• Increases lipolysis in adipose tissue
• Via the beta-adrenergic receptor, it increases glucagon and decreases insulin

Question 3

T or F: Products from gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway and glycogen synthesis/degradation are used in glycolysis.

Answer 3

TRUTH.

Question 4

What are the main products of glycolysis?

Answer 4

• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH + H+
• 2 pyruvates (lactate)

Question 5

What is the purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 5

Reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Question 6

What are the inputs and outputs of the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 6

• Input: 1 glucose

- Output: 2 NADPH

Question 7

What are the main inputs of oxidative phosphorylation and its outputs?

Answer 7

• Inputs: NADH, ADP and O2

- Outputs: ATP, NAD+ and water

Question 8

What are the main outputs of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 8

NADH, CO2, ATP and coenzyme A

Question 9

What are the main inputs of the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 9

Acetyl CoA, NAD+ and ADP

Question 10

During gluconeogenesis, how is pyruvate converted to phosphoenolpyruvate?

Answer 10

Indirectly through the production of oxaloacetate during the Krebs Cycle, which is reacted with PEPCK to form phosphoenolpyruvate.

Question 11

What amino acids feed pyruvate?

Answer 11

Alanine, glycine, threonine, cysteine, serine

Question 12

What amino acids feed alpha-ketoglutarate (via glutamate)?

Answer 12

Arginine, proline, histidine and glutamine

Question 13

What amino acids feed oxalacetic acid?

Answer 13

Asparagine and aspartate

Question 14

How is glycogen broken down?

Answer 14

Via phosphorylase kinase.