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CJ CMS > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What is the aetiology of cancer?

A 
genetic disposition
environment
cell mutation
uncontrolled cellular proliferation
cancer
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2
Q

What are exogenous sources re. cancer?

A

UV and other radiation

Chemicals

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3
Q

What are endogenous sources re. cancer?

A

alkylation
hydrolysis
ROS-reactive oxygen species

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4
Q

what are the pathophysiological stages in metastases?

A 
primary tumour
proliferation
detachment/ invasion
transport
arrest in organs
adhere to vessel wall
extravasion
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5
Q

What can be systemic clinical features of cancer?

A

cachexia- weight loss, anorexia, muscle weakness
ectopic hormone production- hypercalcaemia (PTH), cushings disease (ACTH)
paraneoplastic syndromes

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6
Q

When is screening offered re. cervical cancer?

A

every 5 years for women aged 20-60

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7
Q

How is a diagnosis made?

A 
history
examination
blood test
imaging
fibre optic technologies
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8
Q

What does staging of cancers allow?

A

helps clarify prognosis

defines appropriate treatment

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9
Q

What treatment options are available re. cancer?

A 
surgery
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
novel therapies
palliative care
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10
Q

how is surgery used in cancer treatment?

A

removal of solid organ
Can be curative if complete exision
can be combined with other treatments
can be used re. symptom control in palliative care.

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11
Q

How does chemotherapy work?

A

interferes with cellular replication- DNA and cell division

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12
Q

What side effects are inevitable re. chemotherapy?

A 
affects rapidly dividing cells:
oral and GI mucosa
reproductive cells
bone marrow
hair
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13
Q

For what cancers can chemotherapy be used as a cure?

A

hodgkins lymphoma
testicular teratoma
acute childhood leukemia

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14
Q

What can be short term side effects re. chemotherapy?

A

nausea and vomiting
mucosal - oral and gut
alopecia
bone marrow supression

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15
Q

what can be long term side effects?

A

impaired fertility
teratogenic
cancer- leukemia
organ damage

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16
Q

How does radiotherapy differ to chemo?

A

targets specific areas of the body

17
Q

what are modes of delivery re. radiation therapy?

A

external- electrons or xrays

internal- implants or systemic

18
Q

what are systemic options of radiation therapy?

A

strontium re. bone

iodine 131 re. thyroid

19
Q

What can be short term side effects re. radiotherapy?

A 
oral mucositis
diarrhoea
nausea
tiredness
hair loss
bone marrow suppression
sunburn
20
Q

What can be long term effects of radiotherapy?

A 
osteoradionecrosis
xerostomia- due to irradiation of salivary glands
skin ulcers
fibrosis
secondary malignancy
21
Q

What are novel therapies re. cancer treatment?

A

immunotherapy- vaccines, cytokines
angiogenesis inhibators
signal inhibators
phototherapy

22
Q

what is the biggest cancer killer?

A

lung cancer

23
Q

how can lung cancer present?

A

cough, chest pain, breathlessness,

24
Q

where are likely metastases re. lung cancer?

A

bones, brain, liver

25
Q

how is lung cancer diagnosed?

A

CXR
CT scan
bronchoscopy
sputum cytology

26
Q

What is colorectal cancer associated with?

A

high fat, low fibre diets
familial element - gene identified
inflammatory bowel disease

27
Q

how does colorectal cancer present?

A

anaemia
altered bowel habits
acute abdominal pain

28
Q

where are likely metastisis re. colorectal cancer?

A

liver, lungs, ascites

29
Q

how is colorectal cancer diagnosed?

A

sigmoidoscopy
colonoscopy
barium enema

30
Q

how is colorectal cancer screened for?

A

faecal occult bloodss

31
Q

what are associations with breast cancer?

A

familial

hormonal- no children, early menopause, HRT

32
Q

how is breast cancer diagnosed?

A

mammogram
fine needle aspiration
biopsy

33
Q

how is breast cancer screened for?

A

mammography offered to all women aged 50-64 evry 3 years

34
Q

how does prostate cancer present?

A

urinary

detected on prostate examination

35
Q

where are likely metastases re. prostate cancer?

A

bone and lung

36
Q

what are associations with oesophageal cancer?

A

smoking, alcohol, reflux

37
Q

how does oesophageal cancer present?

A

dysphagia, pain, anaemia

38
Q

where are likely metastases re. oesophageal cancer?

A

lymphadenopathy- cervical, supraclavicular

liver

39
Q

how is oesophageal cancer diagnosed?

A

barium swallow

endoscopy

CJ CMS (17 decks)

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