C6. P5 Flashcards
What is shaping?
An operant conditioning approach in which a complex behavior is broken down into smaller steps, the organism is rewarded for engaging in the smaller steps, and the trainer slowly requires more and more of the behaviors be present
The key idea that underlies shaping is…
Reinforcement of Successive Approximations
What is applied behavioral analysis (ABA)?
ABA tries to understand behaviors in terms of what the individual engaging in them is obtaining from the environment
What are the 4 steps involved in ABA?
-First, identify target problematic behaviors and/or desirable behaviors.
-Second, identify the conditions or triggers that produce the behaviors (these are often called antecedents, because they occur prior to the behaviors).
-Third, identify what incentives, reinforcers, and/or punishments within an environment occur following the expression of the behavior.
-Fourth, alter the environment to change antecedents, limit reinforcement of undesired behaviors, and/or promote desired behaviors. After this last step, behavior is monitored over time to determine if the adjustments alter the frequency of various forms of behavior
Who did the seatbelt ABA study?
Van Houten, Malenfant, Austin, and Lebbon
What are Differential Reinforcement Procedures?
Differential Reinforcement Procedures seek to teach a person to discontinue an unwanted behavior while also teaching them to engage in desired behaviors
What is Differential Reinforcement of Omitted Behaviors (DRO)?
Differential Reinforcement of Omitted Behaviors (DRO) involves positive reinforcement on a fixed-interval schedule
What is Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behaviors (DRA)?
Involves rewarding desired, alternative behaviors within a particular context
What is overcorrection?
Involves calmly requiring the child to make amends for an undesired behavior
What is Time Out From Reinforcing Activities?
The removal of access to desired or reinforcing stimuli or activity for a period of time
What are Non-exclusionary time outs?
Leave the individual in the environment, but remove access to reinforcement
What are exclusionary time outs?
When the child is removed from the environment where the problem behavior occurred
What are contingent observation time outs?
The child is removed from the immediate environment and then made to observe others in this environment
