C6. P2

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

A stimulus that initially has no influence on a given response comes to provoke that response

Question 2

What is classical conditioning sometimes referred to?

Answer 2

Stimulus-response learning (S-R learning)

Question 3

What four things do you need to classically condition an organism?

Answer 3

A target response or behavior

A neutral stimulus
A non-neutral stimulus
Several acquisition trials

Question 4

What was classical conditioning once called?

Answer 4

Palvovian learning

Question 5

Who is know for classical conditioning?

Answer 5

Ivan Pavlov

Question 6

Summarize Pavlov’s study.

Answer 6

He trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell by associating the bell with food

Question 7

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Answer 7

The non-neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dog food

Question 8

What is an unconditioned response (UR)?

Answer 8

A response elicited from an unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dogs’ salivation

Question 9

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 9

When a once neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response as the unconditional stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the bell

Question 10

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 10

A response that is evoked by a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dogs’ salivation

Question 11

What is the acquisition phase?

Answer 11

The series of learning trials in which the organism acquires the learning

Question 12

What is simultaneous conditioning?

Answer 12

Presenting the neutral stimulus and the US at the exact same time

Question 13

What is forward conditioning?

Answer 13

The neutral stimulus being presented before the US

Question 14

What is backward conditioning?

Answer 14

The unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus

Question 15

What conditioning approach is the best?

Answer 15

Forward conditioning

Question 16

What is the forward delayed approach?

Answer 16

Presenting the neutral stimulus, waiting a bit, and then presenting the US before removing the neutral stimulus

Question 17

What is the forward trace approach?

Answer 17

The neutral stimulus is presented first, but it is completely discontinued before the presentation of the US

Question 18

What is better, forward delay or forward trace?

Answer 18

forward delay

Question 19

What is stimulus salience?

Answer 19

The intensity or strength of the stimuli used during acquisition

Question 20

What is higher order conditioning?

Answer 20

A classical conditioning technique in which a deeply ingrained CS is used as if it was a US to create a new association to a second neutral stimulus

Question 21

In higher order conditioning, what is the stronger, the first conditioned stimulus or the second conditioned stimulus?

Answer 21

First stimulus

Question 22

What is extinction?

Answer 22

When an organism that once learned an association no longer shows any signs of the association

Question 23

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 23

An unexpected conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after the association appears to have been extinguished

Question 24

What is stimulus generalization?

Answer 24

After learning, the organism shows a CR to the CS and to other stimuli that are similar to the CS

Question 25

What is stimulus discrimination?

Answer 25

An organism’s ability to discriminate between similar stimuli such that it shows a learned response to a very specific stimulus only

Question 26

What 2 things do discrimination trials involve?

Answer 26

-We present stimuli that are similar to the target stimulus without the US
- In a small number of trials we present the target stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 27

What is substitute learning?

Answer 27

The conditioned stimulus comes to serve as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus