C6. P2 Flashcards
What is classical conditioning?
A stimulus that initially has no influence on a given response comes to provoke that response
What is classical conditioning sometimes referred to?
Stimulus-response learning (S-R learning)
What four things do you need to classically condition an organism?
A target response or behavior
A neutral stimulus
A non-neutral stimulus
Several acquisition trials
What was classical conditioning once called?
Palvovian learning
Who is know for classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Summarize Pavlov’s study.
He trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell by associating the bell with food
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
The non-neutral stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dog food
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
A response elicited from an unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dogs’ salivation
What is a conditioned stimulus?
When a once neutral stimulus comes to elicit the same response as the unconditional stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the bell
What is a conditioned response?
A response that is evoked by a conditioned stimulus. In Pavlov’s study this was the dogs’ salivation
What is the acquisition phase?
The series of learning trials in which the organism acquires the learning
What is simultaneous conditioning?
Presenting the neutral stimulus and the US at the exact same time
What is forward conditioning?
The neutral stimulus being presented before the US
What is backward conditioning?
The unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus
What conditioning approach is the best?
Forward conditioning
What is the forward delayed approach?
Presenting the neutral stimulus, waiting a bit, and then presenting the US before removing the neutral stimulus
What is the forward trace approach?
The neutral stimulus is presented first, but it is completely discontinued before the presentation of the US
What is better, forward delay or forward trace?
forward delay
What is stimulus salience?
The intensity or strength of the stimuli used during acquisition
What is higher order conditioning?
A classical conditioning technique in which a deeply ingrained CS is used as if it was a US to create a new association to a second neutral stimulus
In higher order conditioning, what is the stronger, the first conditioned stimulus or the second conditioned stimulus?
First stimulus
What is extinction?
When an organism that once learned an association no longer shows any signs of the association
What is spontaneous recovery?
An unexpected conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs after the association appears to have been extinguished
What is stimulus generalization?
After learning, the organism shows a CR to the CS and to other stimuli that are similar to the CS
What is stimulus discrimination?
An organism’s ability to discriminate between similar stimuli such that it shows a learned response to a very specific stimulus only
What 2 things do discrimination trials involve?
-We present stimuli that are similar to the target stimulus without the US
- In a small number of trials we present the target stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
What is substitute learning?
The conditioned stimulus comes to serve as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus
