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Psyc Unit 3 > C5. P6 > Flashcards

C5. P6 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the brain is most “central” to our working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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2
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

A

Integrates present information with past information. It more involved in forming and consolidating explicit memories

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3
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

A limbic system structure that extends into the brain’s temporal lobe and is highly involved in encoding explicit memories

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4
Q

What are two important things about the hippocampus?

A

1) Responsible for encoding new explicit memories into long term memories
2) Not the primary structure in the brain for accessing explicit memories from long term memory

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5
Q

What is the left hippocampus involved in?

A

The formation of explicit, declarative memories for factual information, episodes, and our personal autobiography

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6
Q

What is the right hippocampus involved it?

A

More involved with remembering spatial coordinates and locations

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7
Q

In the hippocampus, is the part that is involved in world learning the same for spatial locations?

A

No, word learning differs from the part that helps us form memories for spatial locations

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8
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

The strengthening and modification of memories in long-term memory

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9
Q

What is the difference between encoding and consolidation?

A

Encoding takes the memories to long term memory, while consolidation only strengthens those memories

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10
Q

What does consolidation of memory do?

A

1) Tends to make the memory easier to retrieve in the future
2) Modify or update memories

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11
Q

What is the theory behind the hippocampus involvement of long term memory?

A

The theory is that the hippocampus somehow transfers information to other parts of the brain where it is consolidated into long-term memory

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12
Q

When does consolidation occur?

A

When asleep

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13
Q

What three structures are involved in implicit memory formation?

A

Hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia

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14
Q

What roles does the hippocampus play in implicit memory?

A

1) Automatic encoding of memories for time, space, and frequency
2) We do not consciously intend to retain this information, but it is there for retrieval

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15
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

A subcortical structure in the brain that interacts with the brainstem and hindbrain structures

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16
Q

What role does the basal ganglion play in implicit memory?

A

It’s involved, our ability to learn to associate things

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17
Q

Which parts of the brain are most involved in associative procedural memory?

A

Basal Ganglia and cerebellum

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18
Q

What happens with people who have damaged basal ganglia?

A

Patients with damaged to the basal ganglia networks show difficulty in learning new motor skills

19
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

The hindbrain structure behind the brain stem that is heavily involved in movement, balance, and procedural learning

20
Q

What role does the cerebellum play in procedural memory?

A

It’s most important for timing and executing well-learned movements and procedures

21
Q

What happens as procedural memory gets more and more managed by the cerebellum?

A

It becomes more automatic and requires less and less attentional resources from working memory

22
Q

What structure hosts the most neural connections devoted to memories?

A

Prefrontal cortex

23
Q

Which part of the brain is rich with association areas?

A

Cortex

24
Q

Where can the neural connections that form our memory be found?

A

Association areas

25
Q

What did Karl Lashley study?

A

Rats and their ability to form long-term memories through a maze.

26
Q

What is synaptic sprouting?

A

The creation of new or additional connections between neurons through the creation of new axon terminals, dendrite receptors, or both

27
Q

What three ways can synaptic sprouting occur?

A

1) A sending neuron sprouts more axon terminals, so it is better able to send messages
2) A receiving neuron spreads dendrites, so it is better able to receive messages
3) Both

28
Q

What is Long term potentiation?

A

An increase in the signal strengths of synaptic connections

29
Q

Which process focuses on axon building, and which focuses on chemical communication?

A

Sprouting involves the axons and dendrites, long term potentiation involves chemicals

30
Q

What three ways can long term potentiation occur?

A

1) Sending neuron releases more neurotransmitters
2) Receiving neuron becomes more sensitive
3) Both

31
Q

What did Pitman do in his experiment?

A

People who had trauma were given pills that helped with stress disorder. Was presumed to be the result of less CREB protein for producing memories of the event

32
Q

Who said “neurons that fire together wire together”.

A

Hebb

33
Q

Is sprouting and long term potentiation mutually exclusive?

A

No

34
Q

Define serotonin.

A

A neurotransmitter that is heavily implicated in mood, arousal, and long-term memory encoding

35
Q

According to the video, which two researchers most helped outline the processes involved in long-term potentiation?

A

Hebb and Kandel

36
Q

In addition to working with sea slugs, Kandel’s research showed which process can become active due to long-term memory formation?

A

Neurogenesis

37
Q

Who worked on aplysia?

A

Kandel and Schwartz

38
Q

Summarize the aplysia studies.

A

When shocked it takes defensive action. Aplysia would feel the water, then immediately feel the shock scientists simply sprayed. Aplysia experienced the spray with water and did not deliver a shock

39
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

A clear and vivid memory for an emotionally arousing experience or event

40
Q

What three mechanisms form consolidation of flashbulb memories?

A

Stress hormones, amygdala activity, and CREB protein

41
Q

How do stress hormones contribute to the formation of flashbulbs memories?

A

Glucose provides the energy and resources that can be used to sprout new synapses or to promote long-term potentiation

42
Q

How does contribute to the formation of flashbulbs memories?

A

When a thought or event triggers a lot of emotion and activity in the amygdala, this increased activity increases the odds that the event or thought will be “tagged” for later transfer into long-term memory

43
Q

How does CREB Protein contribute to the formation of flashbulbs memories?

A

Events that activate the amygdala are also more likely to result in the creation of more “raw materials”

Psyc Unit 3 (15 decks)

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