C5. P5

Question 1

What is availability?

Answer 1

The degree to which something has been encoded into long term memory

Question 2

What is accessibility?

Answer 2

The ease with which we can locate and retrieve a piece of information that is available in memory

Question 3

What is more difficult, implicit or explicit retrieval?

Answer 3

Explicit

Question 4

What is procedural memory retrieval?

Answer 4

We know we are using memory, but we can’t verbalize, express, or experience the memories in the same way we represent explicit memories

Question 5

Is procedural memory retrieval explicit or implicit?

Answer 5

Implicit

Question 6

What is implicit retrieving implicit information?

Answer 6

We have no idea we are retrieving information precisely because the information exists in a form that we cannot access explicitly

Question 7

What is implicitly retrieving explicit information?

Answer 7

Information that we could access with intention influences us without our awareness

Question 8

What is implicitly retrieving explicit information?

Answer 8

Information that we could access with intention influences us without our awareness

Question 9

What is associative?

Answer 9

Thing A is connected to thing B

Question 10

Implicit retrieval is often more ____.

Answer 10

associative

Question 11

Implicit retrieval is often more ____.

Answer 11

associative

Question 12

What structure is involved in the retrieval of explicit memories?

Answer 12

Frontal lobe

Question 13

What structure is working memory regulated by?

Answer 13

Frontal lobe

Question 14

Which structure is heavily implicated on the retrieval of procedural memory?

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Question 15

For retrieval in implicit learning and priming, can there be a single area in the brain?

Answer 15

No, cannot be pinpointed

Question 16

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 16

The fact that the location of things on a list influences how easy it is to recall

Question 17

What is the primary effect?

Answer 17

The tendency to recall things early on with a list

Question 18

What is the recency effect?

Answer 18

The tendency to recall information later on a list

Question 19

What is a retrieval cue?

Answer 19

Any stimulus that helps the individual access a piece of information from long term memory

Question 20

What is encoding specificity?

Answer 20

The fact that it is easiest to retrieve information when the cues at the time of encoding match the cues at the time of retrieval

Question 21

What did Balck and Lewis find?

Answer 21

If research participants learned a set of words while a specific song was playing, they were better able to recall words from this if the same song was playing at the time of retrieval

Question 22

Summarize the Goden and Baddeley studies.

Answer 22

People were given two lists. The first list was read under the water. The second list was read in dry land. The number of words recalled was notably higher than when the learning context and retrieval context varied

Question 23

What the mood dependent effect?

Answer 23

It is mildly easier to access a memory if we are in a similar state at the time of retrieval as we were when the memory was encoded

Question 24

What is implicit priming?

Answer 24

The activation of mental content by retrieval cues that occurs outside of one’s awareness

Question 25

What are word fragment studies?

Answer 25

Studies in which an individual is exposed to a prime of some kind and then given a word fragment that can be completed in many different ways

Question 26

What did Dan Schater study?

Answer 26

Studied implicit memory formation, using word fragment studies, in individuals with impairments that make the individual unable to form new explicit memories

Question 27

What is priming?

Answer 27

A way of activating associated networks outside of awareness

Question 28

What is reconstructive memory?

Answer 28

The act of retrieving information is influenced by several other mental processes, social processes, and contextual factors

Question 29

What did Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist, do?

Answer 29

Compared retrieving memories to a sort of anthropological or paleontological process. Using trinkets, fragments, and small bits that are excavated from the ground, we form a narrative for what must have happened in the past civilization

Question 30

What is a memory trace?

Answer 30

Both the biological change in neural connections that resulted from learning and the information that is held within these neural connections that isn’t the learning

Question 31

What is Confabulation?

Answer 31

Mistaken, distorted, or unintentionally fabricated memories of the past

Question 32

Who called confabulation “honest lying”?

Answer 32

Morris Moscovitch

Question 33

What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?

Answer 33

A chronic memory disorder

Question 34

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 34

When information presented after an even alters the way events are recalled

Question 35

What did Dr. Elizabeth Loftus’ studies suggest?

Answer 35

Information in the present can produce confabulations of past events, the cues at the time of retrieval can shape the way we remember the past

Question 36

What is the car accident study?

Answer 36

People that were asked a question using a very active verb had higher estimates than those asked using a less active verb

Question 37

What is imagination inflation?

Answer 37

Memory for past events is altered by our thinking, imagining, reminiscing, and then later reconsolidation the information into long term memory in an inaccurate manner

Question 38

What is the balloon ride studies?

Answer 38

People were shown a fake picture of them as a child in a hot air balloon and recalled it as being an actual memory