C5. P5 Flashcards
What is availability?
The degree to which something has been encoded into long term memory
What is accessibility?
The ease with which we can locate and retrieve a piece of information that is available in memory
What is more difficult, implicit or explicit retrieval?
Explicit
What is procedural memory retrieval?
We know we are using memory, but we can’t verbalize, express, or experience the memories in the same way we represent explicit memories
Is procedural memory retrieval explicit or implicit?
Implicit
What is implicit retrieving implicit information?
We have no idea we are retrieving information precisely because the information exists in a form that we cannot access explicitly
What is implicitly retrieving explicit information?
Information that we could access with intention influences us without our awareness
What is implicitly retrieving explicit information?
Information that we could access with intention influences us without our awareness
What is associative?
Thing A is connected to thing B
Implicit retrieval is often more ____.
associative
Implicit retrieval is often more ____.
associative
What structure is involved in the retrieval of explicit memories?
Frontal lobe
What structure is working memory regulated by?
Frontal lobe
Which structure is heavily implicated on the retrieval of procedural memory?
Cerebellum
For retrieval in implicit learning and priming, can there be a single area in the brain?
No, cannot be pinpointed
What is the serial position effect?
The fact that the location of things on a list influences how easy it is to recall
What is the primary effect?
The tendency to recall things early on with a list
What is the recency effect?
The tendency to recall information later on a list
What is a retrieval cue?
Any stimulus that helps the individual access a piece of information from long term memory
What is encoding specificity?
The fact that it is easiest to retrieve information when the cues at the time of encoding match the cues at the time of retrieval
What did Balck and Lewis find?
If research participants learned a set of words while a specific song was playing, they were better able to recall words from this if the same song was playing at the time of retrieval
Summarize the Goden and Baddeley studies.
People were given two lists. The first list was read under the water. The second list was read in dry land. The number of words recalled was notably higher than when the learning context and retrieval context varied
What the mood dependent effect?
It is mildly easier to access a memory if we are in a similar state at the time of retrieval as we were when the memory was encoded
What is implicit priming?
The activation of mental content by retrieval cues that occurs outside of one’s awareness
What are word fragment studies?
Studies in which an individual is exposed to a prime of some kind and then given a word fragment that can be completed in many different ways
What did Dan Schater study?
Studied implicit memory formation, using word fragment studies, in individuals with impairments that make the individual unable to form new explicit memories
What is priming?
A way of activating associated networks outside of awareness
What is reconstructive memory?
The act of retrieving information is influenced by several other mental processes, social processes, and contextual factors
What did Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist, do?
Compared retrieving memories to a sort of anthropological or paleontological process. Using trinkets, fragments, and small bits that are excavated from the ground, we form a narrative for what must have happened in the past civilization
What is a memory trace?
Both the biological change in neural connections that resulted from learning and the information that is held within these neural connections that isn’t the learning
What is Confabulation?
Mistaken, distorted, or unintentionally fabricated memories of the past
Who called confabulation “honest lying”?
Morris Moscovitch
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?
A chronic memory disorder
What is the misinformation effect?
When information presented after an even alters the way events are recalled
What did Dr. Elizabeth Loftus’ studies suggest?
Information in the present can produce confabulations of past events, the cues at the time of retrieval can shape the way we remember the past
What is the car accident study?
People that were asked a question using a very active verb had higher estimates than those asked using a less active verb
What is imagination inflation?
Memory for past events is altered by our thinking, imagining, reminiscing, and then later reconsolidation the information into long term memory in an inaccurate manner
What is the balloon ride studies?
People were shown a fake picture of them as a child in a hot air balloon and recalled it as being an actual memory
