C39 - Australia pre-edit Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the size of Australia

A

Its land mass is similar to that of the United States and larger than that of Europe

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2
Q

What is the general climate temperature in Australia? What is the main reason?

A

Warm or hot The southerly latitude

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3
Q

What are the main climate tempering influences in Australia?

A

The Southern or Indian Ocean or the Murray River system

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4
Q

Which areas of Australia are tempered by altitude?

A

Adelaide Hills and Eden Valley

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5
Q

What is rainfall like in many growing regions of Australia?

A

Very low, so irrigation is necessary

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6
Q

What can happen in Australia in years of extreme drought?

A

Waters from Murray River can run low (these are vital for irrigation)

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7
Q

Murray River is a vital source of water for inland areas such as…

A

Riverland

Murray-Darling

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8
Q

What is a risk in Australia as a result of high summer temperatures and drought?

A

Bush fires

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9
Q

Why are bush fires a risk even if they do not destroy crops?

A

The smoke can come into contact with grapes, which can taint the flavour of resulting wine

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10
Q

Many producers in Australia are seeking sites with…

A

Cool or moderate climates

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11
Q

What has been the result of the search for cooler climates in Australia?

A

Plantings have increased in high altitude sites and in Tasmania (it has a more southerly latitude)

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12
Q

What is Australia’s principal grape variety of either colour?

A

Shiraz

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13
Q

…is grown widely in most regions of Australia

A

Shiraz

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14
Q

Describe the Shiraz produced in hot and warm regions of Australia

A

Full-bodied and intensely fruity Often display earthy or spicy notes and develop leather aromas with age

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15
Q

Describe the other style of Shiraz produced in the warmer areas of Australia

A

Producers are making a more restrained style by controlling the level of extraction in the winemaking process

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16
Q

Where is the leaner, more peppery style of Shiraz made in Australia?

A

Cooler regions such as Geelong and Heathcote

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17
Q

What are the styles of Shiraz available in Australia?

A

Full-bodied, lean and peppery or a multi-regional blend of the two

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18
Q

What is the role of Shiraz in Australian multi-varietal blends?

A

It performs a similar role to Merlot in Bordeaux, adding softness to Cabernet blends

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19
Q

Describe Australian Cabernet

A

Generally dark with firmer tannins and higher acidity than Shiraz

Ripe black fruit (blackcurrant, black cherry)

Toasty oak notes

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20
Q

Give two classic regions for Cabernet Sauvignon in Australia

A

Coonawarra

Margaret River

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21
Q

What is the role of Merlot in Australia?

A

Typically found in blended wines

Often alongside Cabernet, to provide body and fleshy, plummy fruit

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22
Q

Where in Australia are the best examples of Pinot Noir grown? Give examples

A

Cool or moderate sites

Yarra Valley

Mornington Peninsula

Tasmania

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23
Q

Describe the style of Pinot Noir from premium sites

A

Medium body Medium alcohol Medium to high acidity Typical flavours of cherry and strawberry

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24
Q

Which varieties do best in Australia’s hot regions?

A

Grenache Petit Verdot Mataro

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25
Q

Besides Grenache, Petit Verdot and Mataro, which other varieties have gained in popularity in Australia’s hot regions? Why?

A

Varieties from Italy and Spain such as Sangiovese and Tempranillo They are well adapted to high summer temperatures and a limited water supply

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26
Q

What is the most planted white wine grape in Australia?

A

Chardonnay

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27
Q

Describe basic Australian Chardonnay

A

Often a blend of fruit from different regions Unoaked for peachy flavours Oak chips/staves for toast/vanilla flavours

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28
Q

What are the cool/moderate sources of high quality Chardonnay in Australia?

A

Adelaide Hills

Mornington Peninsula

Yarra Valley

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29
Q

Name a warm region source of Chardonnay in Australia

A

Margaret River

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30
Q

Describe top examples of Chardonnay in Australia

A

Beautifully balanced with fresh, vibrant fruit complemented by subtle flavours from careful use of lees, MLF and/or oak maturation

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31
Q

What is now being planted widely in Australia, thanks to domestic and export market?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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32
Q

Which area of Australia is said to produce its benchmark of Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Adelaide Hills

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33
Q

What is the general temperature of the climate in Adelaide Hills?

A

Moderate

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34
Q

Name the key features of Sauvignon Blanc from Adelaide Hills

A

Tend to show concentrated passion fruit flavours as well as refreshing high acidity

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35
Q

Which white grape makes a style which is unique to Australia?

A

Semillon

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36
Q

Where in Australia is Semillon planted?

A

It is planted widely

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37
Q

What is the classic region for Semillon in Australia?

A

Hunter Valley

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38
Q

How is Semillon typically made in Adelaide Hills?

A

It is harvested early with low sugar levels and high acidity Oxygen contact is kept to a minimum Inert vessels used for fermentation and storage

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39
Q

Describe the Semillons of Adelaide Hills

A

Low alcohol

Neutral in flavour when first bottled

Develop extraordinary flavours of honey and toast

Can age for 20 years or more

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40
Q

List the styles and locations of Semillon in Australia other than those made in Adelaide Hills

A

Western Australia: Herbaceous style, very similar to Sauvignon Blanc

Barossa Valley: Fuller bodied and softer. Some early-picked and unoaked styles being made

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41
Q

Describe the general style of Riesling in Australia

A

Dry/slightly off-dry (some sweet styles are made)

High acidity

Unoaked

Pronounced citrus fruit aromas and flavours of lime, lemon and/or grapefruit in youth

Flavours develop into toast, honey and petrol

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42
Q

What are the classic regions for Riesling in Australia?

A

Clare Valley and Eden Valley in South Australia

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43
Q

Which regions of Australia are beginning to develop a reputation for high quality Riesling?

A

Tasmania and the Franklin River sub-region of Western Australia

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44
Q

What is the flavour difference between the Rieslings of South Australia and those of Western Australia?

A

In western Australia they are more floral than citrusy

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45
Q

What is the largest zone in Australia?

A

South Eastern Australia Zone

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46
Q

What comprises the South Eastern Australia Zone?

A

It is a ‘super-zone’ comprised of all the GIs within South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland

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47
Q

What does the South Eastern Australia Zone allow for in winemaking?

A

Blending of grapes or wines from across most of Australia’s wine regions

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48
Q

Describe wines labelled with South Eastern Australia

A

The majority are high volume brands and take advantage of being able to source fruit from the fertile , irrigated vineyards of Riverland in South Australia, Murray-Darling in Victoria and Riverina in New South Wales

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49
Q

Describe grapes of Riverland, Murray-Darling and Riverina

A

Can produce high yields of healthy grapes

Lack the flavour concentration of those from other, high-quality areas

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50
Q

How may the lack of flavour concentration from high yield areas of Australia be remedied?

A

By blending in components from regions such as Barossa, Adelaide Hills or McLaren Vale The choice of components depends on grape variety, style and price point

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51
Q

What else does Riverina specialise in?

A

The production of botrytised wines made from Semillon

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52
Q

What in Riverina encourages the development of noble rot?

A

Autumn morning mists and fogs

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53
Q

In which zone is the majority of Australia’s wine produced?

A

South Australia

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54
Q

Where in South Australia are the vineyards mostly located?

A

They are mostly concentrated in the south east of the state

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55
Q

What are the advantages of labelling a wine with South Australia? What kind of producers use it?

A

It gives producers a range of premium vineyard locations, offering different characteristics Some of Australia’s most prestigious and expensive wines take advantage of the opportunities provided by the GI

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56
Q

Which wine region is to the north east of Adelaide?

A

Barossa Valley

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57
Q

Which region of Australia is considered the heartland of the country’s fine wine production?

A

Barossa Valley

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58
Q

Roughly what is the climate in Barossa Valley?

A

Warm and dry

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59
Q

What are vines like in Barossa Valley?

A

Bush vines

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60
Q

What are the outstanding grape varieties of Barossa Valley?

A

Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache

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61
Q

Describe classic Barossa Valley Shiraz

A

Full-bodied

Soft tannins

Ripe black fruit

Sweet American oak

Develops leather and spice with age

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62
Q

What is the most notable white variety of Barossa Valley?

A

Semillon

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63
Q

What style of Semillon is made in Barossa Valley?

A

Increasingly made in a fresh, unoaked style

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64
Q

Describe wines labelled Barossa

A

Come from Barossa zone and can be made from fruit sourced from Barossa Valley and Eden Valley

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65
Q

Where is Eden Valley?

A

In the hills to the east of the Barossa Valley

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66
Q

Describe the climate of Eden Valley

A

Cool to moderate climate that varies with altitude

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67
Q

What is made with success in the cooler vineyards of Eden Valley?

A

Outstanding quality Rieslings

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68
Q

Describe the best Rieslings of Eden Valley

A

Intense lime and grapefruit aromas Steely character The best display marmalade and toasty characters after ten years

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69
Q

Besides Riesling, what else is grown with success in Eden Valley?

A

Shiraz, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon

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70
Q

Where is Clare Valley?

A

To the north west of Barossa Valley

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71
Q

What is the speciality of Clare Valley?

A

Riesling

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72
Q

Describe the climate in Clare Valley

A

Warm climate

Tempered by cool afternoon breezes

Nights are cold

73
Q

What is the topography of Clare Valley?

A

Many vineyards are planted at altitude (300 - 400m) Some vineyards as high as 570m

74
Q

Describe Clare Valley Rieslings

A

Dry in style Intense citrus and lime aromas High acidity With age, they can develop honey and toast characters

75
Q

Describe Clare Valley Shiraz

A

Fragrant, powerful and structured

76
Q

What else is produced to a high quality in Clare Valley, besides Riesling and Shiraz?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

77
Q

Describe Cabernet in Clare Valley

A

It’s made into different styles, depending on vineyard location, soil and elevation

78
Q

Where is the Adelaide Hills region?

A

Twenty-five kilometres east of Adelaide

79
Q

What is the climate of the Adelaide Hills region?

A

Moderate climate Rainfall in the winter

80
Q

What are the growing conditions like in Adelaide Hills?

A

Vineyards are planted above 400m Soils have limited water holding capacity

81
Q

What is the consequence of the low water-holding capacity of the soils in Adelaide Hills?

A

Irrigation is often necessary during the growing season

82
Q

What are the specialities of Adelaide Hills?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay

83
Q

Describe the style of Chardonnay made in Adelaide Hills

A

Elegant

High natural acidity

Pronounced citrus and peach aromas

84
Q

What is the ‘third’ grape of Adelaide Hills?

A

Pinot Noir

85
Q

How is Pinot Noir used in Adelaide Hills?

A

For still red wines For blending with Chardonnay for sparkling wine

86
Q

Where is the McLaren Vale?

A

On the coast to the south of Adelaide

87
Q

Describe the climate in McLaren Vale

A

Warm climate Tempered by afternoon ocean breezes

88
Q

What is the majority of wine produced in McLaren Vale?

A

Red wines from Shiraz, Cabernet, Merlot and Grenache

89
Q

What are wines generally like in McLaren Vale?

A

Intensely flavoured Dark fruit aromas Soft, ripe tannins

90
Q

Some wines are made with depth and complexity in McLaren Vale. What are they made from?

A

Old vine Shiraz and Grenache

91
Q

Which region is directly south of Riverland, within the Limestone Coast?

A

Coonawarra

92
Q

Describe Coonawarra

A

A narrow strip of land 1.5 kilometres wide and 15 kilometres long

93
Q

Where is Coonawarra?

A

400km south-east of Adelaide, towards the Victorian border

94
Q

Describe the soil of Coonawarra

A

Distinctive red terra rossa soil over a limestone subsoil

95
Q

What is the climate of Coonawarra?

A

Moderate maritime Influenced by cold currents from the Antarctic Summer temperatures moderated by cloud cover

96
Q

What is the predominant grape in Coonawarra?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

97
Q

Describe Cabernet from Coonawarra

A

Concentrated, structured wines Characteristic blackcurrant and eucalyptus or menthol aromas Best examples age very well

98
Q

Besides Cabernet, what else is widely planted in Coonawarra?

A

Shiraz, Merlot and Chardonnay

99
Q

Where is the Victoria zone?

A

The far southern tip of Australia

100
Q

What is the climate broadly like in Victoria?

A

It offers some of the coolest vineyard locations on mainland Australia

101
Q

Describe the wine regions around Melbourne and Port Phillip Bay and their grapes

A

Benefit from ocean breezes, giving conditions cool enough to grow high quality Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and grapes for sparkling wine

102
Q

What is further inland in Victoria? How does it affect growing?

A

The Great Dividing Range Provides a range of altitudes and aspects

103
Q

Name two high altitude areas around Victoria’s Great Dividing Range

A

Macedon Ranges Upper Goulburn

104
Q

What’s made in the higher altitude areas of The Great Dividing Range in Victoria?

A

Elegant Pinot Noir and Chardonnay Aromatic Riesling and Sauvignon Blanc

105
Q

What do the regions of the lower slopes of The Great Dividing Range generally produce?

A

They grow later-ripening black varieties such as Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon

Fresher and lighter than those from Australia’s hotter regions

106
Q

Which region is directly to the north-east of Melbourne?

A

The Yarra Valley

107
Q

What is the climate of Yarra Valley?

A

Cool to moderate Maritime

108
Q

What is the terroir of Yarra Valley like?

A

Very varied with a wide range of altitudes and aspects

109
Q

What is the speciality of the Yarra Valley?

A

Pinot Noir

110
Q

What are the main styles of wine produced in Yarra Valley?

A

High quality table wines

Excellent quality sparkling wines

111
Q

Describe Yarra Valley Pinot Noir

A

Ripe, soft tannins Rich fruit with strawberries, plums and dark cherries Complexity added by careful oak handling Age-worthy when made by top producers

112
Q

Which grapes other than Pinot Noir can be made successfully in Yarra Valley? Why?

A

Chardonnay, Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon (though never with quite the weight of similar wines made in other regions) Due to the wide geographical diversity

113
Q

What is the speciality of Mornington Peninsula?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

114
Q

Where is Mornington Peninsula?

A

To the south of Melbourne, on the coast

115
Q

What is the climate in Mornington Peninsula?

A

Cool to moderate maritime climate

116
Q

What kind of wineries is Mornington Peninsula home to?

A

Small, boutique estates

117
Q

What is vintage variation like in Mornington Peninsula?

A

It varies a lot, due to the chance of cool, wet and windy weather at flowering and often at harvest

118
Q

Describe weather and wines in the best seasons at Mornington Peninsula

A

Long growing season, producing fragrant, elegant wines with finesse

119
Q

Describe Pinot Noir from Mornington Peninsula

A

It ranges from light and delicate to more structured

All tends to display very pure fruit characteristics

120
Q

Describe Chardonnays from Mornington Peninsula

A

High acidity (reflecting the cool climate) Usually softened by MLF Citrus, pear and apple aromas

121
Q

Where is the Geelong region?

A

West of Melbourne

122
Q

What is the climate of Geelong?

A

Similar to that of Mornington Peninsula

123
Q

What is the reputation of Geelong Chardonnay?

A

It’s renowned for its quality

124
Q

Describe Chardonnay from Geelong

A

Complex, concentrated and full bodied

125
Q

What are the major red grapes of Geelong?

A

Pinot Noir and Shiraz

126
Q

Describe Pinot Noir from Geelong

A

Can take on earthy aromas

127
Q

Describe Shiraz from Geelong

A

Fresh and peppery

128
Q

What else is made in Geelong?

A

Sparkling wine from Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

129
Q

Where is Heathcote?

A

In the centre of Victoria, much further inland than the Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula and Geelong

130
Q

Where do Heathcote’s cooling influences come from?

A

Altitude rather than the ocean

131
Q

What is the climate of Heathcote?

A

Moderate

132
Q

Describe Shiraz from Heathcote

A

Firmer fruit structure and fresher fruit than those of other regions

133
Q

What is planted in Heathcote other than Shiraz?

A

Chardonnay and Cabernet Mediterranean varieties are showing promise e.g. Sangiovese and Tempranillo

134
Q

Where is Goulburn Valley?

A

To the east of Heathcote in the Goulburn Valley Region

135
Q

What is the climate in Goulburn Valley?

A

Warm

136
Q

How is the temperature of Goulburn Valley mitigated?

A

By the lakes and creeks associated with the Goulburn River

137
Q

What is the most planted variety in Goulburn Valley?

A

Shiraz

138
Q

What is the speciality of the Goulburn Valley area?

A

Marsanne

139
Q

What are the Marsanne wines of Goulburn Valley like?

A

Citrus fruit in youth Developing honeyed aromas with bottle age

140
Q

What is the reputation of New South Wales?

A

The longest history of wine production in Australia

141
Q

What is the main region of New South Wales?

A

Hunter Valley

142
Q

What is the general temperature of Hunter Valley?

A

Hot

143
Q

Which areas of New South Wales are slightly cooler?

A

Mudgee, Orange and Cowra

144
Q

Where are the vineyards of Mudgee, Orange and Cowra?

A

Inland from Sydney on the western slopes of the Great Dividing Range

145
Q

Describe the vineyards of New South Wales’s cooler regions and what they produce

A

They are at altitude and are capable of producing some very concentrated Chardonnays and structured Cabernet Sauvignons

146
Q

Describe the climate of Hunter Valley

A

Hot and humid Effect of summer heat reduced by high cloud cover and ocean breezes

147
Q

Describe the main weather hazard of Hunter Valley

A

Unsettled rainy weather at harvest

148
Q

How is rot minimised in Hunter Valley?

A

With good canopy management techniques

149
Q

What is the most planted grape in Hunter Valley?

A

Semillon

150
Q

Describe Semillon wines of Hunter Valley

A

Light bodied Low alcohol High acidity Neutral flavours that develop into toast, nut and honey with bottle age

151
Q

What is the second most planted white variety in Hunter Valley?

A

Chardonnay

152
Q

What style is Chardonnay made into in Hunter Valley?

A

Both oaked and unoaked

153
Q

What is the black variety with the largest production in Hunter Valley?

A

Shiraz

154
Q

Describe Shiraz from Hunter Valley

A

Medium body

Soft tannins

Black fruit flavours (blackberry and cherry)

Earthy undertone

155
Q

Where are the wine regions of Western Australia?

A

In the south-west tip of the state

156
Q

What is the largest appellation of Western Australia? Describe it

A

Western Australia

The fruit or wine from its regions can be blended together

157
Q

What are the only Australian wines not part of South Eastern Australia?

A

Those of Western Australia

158
Q

Where is Margaret River?

A

Western Australia 200km south of Perth

159
Q

Describe the climate in Margaret River

A

Warm maritime climate High rainfall (but falls mainly in winter)

160
Q

What is the most widely planted red grape in Margaret River?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

161
Q

How does Cabernet often appear in Margaret River?

A

As a blend with Merlot

162
Q

What are the styles of Margaret River’s Bordeaux blends?

A

From elegant and restrained to fruity and powerful

163
Q

Describe Chardonnays of Margaret River

A

Concentrated stone fruit

High levels of natural acidity

A range of styles using MLF and barrel ageing

164
Q

What other white grapes are widely grown in Margaret River?

A

Sauvignon Blanc Semillon

165
Q

Describe the role of Sauvignon Blanc in Margaret River and its wines

A

It’s often blended with Semillon

Attractive gooseberry and tropical fruit aromas with high acidity

166
Q

Which area of Margaret River is relatively new? What is it called?

A

The area to the south

Great Southern region

167
Q

Name two sub-regions within Margaret River’s Great Southern region What are they known for?

A

Mount Barker and Frankland River Deeply coloured Cabernet Sauvignon, elegant, peppery Shiraz and floral Riesling

168
Q

What is the climate of Tasmania?

A

Cool maritime Cooled by westerly winds off the Southern Ocean Generally free from extremes

169
Q

What is Tasmania’s original reputation in wine?

A

As a prime source of base wine for Australian sparkling wine

170
Q

What are the principal varieties of Tasmania now?

A

Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Gris and some Cabernet Sauvignon (in the warmest, driest areas)

171
Q

What is the hierarchy of GIs in Australia?

A

Zones, regions and sub-regions

172
Q

Describe what a zone is in Australia

A

A large area without any particularly qualifying attributes Can be a state or cover several states

173
Q

… can also make up part of a state in Australia, but with the exception of …, these are rare

A

Zones Barossa

174
Q

Give examples of regions in Australia

A

Coonawarra, Clare Valley, Margaret River etc.

175
Q

Describe what a region is in Australia

A

Vary in size, but are smaller than zones Must have consistent and distinct qualities from neighbouring regions

176
Q

Many regions in Australia are split into…

A

Sub-regions

177
Q

How many regions may a sub-region fall across in Australia?

A

One

178
Q

T or F: Some Australian regions are covered by several zones

A

True

179
Q

Give an example of a region in Australia which is covered by several zones

A

Eden Valley is in Barossa Zone, which is within South Australia Zone, which is in South Eastern Australia Zone