C-Wa's IM Magic Flashcards

1
Q

Drug toxicity the leads to restrictive lung disease

A

bleomycin
busulfan
amiodarone
methotrexate

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2
Q

Interstitial lung diseases PFTs

A

Restricted lung expansion–> ↓ lung volumes (↓ FVC and TLC)

PFTs: FEV1/FVC ratio ≥ 80%

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3
Q

Poor breathing mechanics vs Interstitial lung diseases

A

Interstitial lung diseases: pulmonary ↓ diffusing capacity, ↑ A-a gradient

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4
Q

What is the state of equilibrium of the lung on spirometry

A

Function Residual volume

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5
Q

Diffusing capacity for CO

A

Diffusion of CO
normal > 80%
determines parenchymal disease

would change if alveolar surface area is down or membrane is thickened

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6
Q

What would ↑ Diffusing capacity for CO

A

alveolar hemorrhage
polycythemia
interstial edema

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7
Q

what will decrease Diffusing capacity for CO (↓ DLCO)

A

emphysema
pulm htn
anemia
pneumonia

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8
Q

Flow volume loops- Loop shifts to the left

A

Obstructive

Obstructive lung volumes > normal (↑ TLC, ↑ FRC, ↑ RV)

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9
Q

Flow volume loops- Loop shifts to the right

A

Restrictive

restrictive lung volumes < normal

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10
Q

Associated with shipbuilding, roofing, plumbing.

A

Asbestosis

Affects lower lobes

Risk of bronchogenic carcinoma > risk of mesothelioma.

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11
Q

Silicosis

A

Macrophages respond to silica–> release fibrogenic factors–> fibrosis.

Silica disrupts phagolysosomes –> impair macrophages–> ↑ susceptibility to TB.

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12
Q

Pneumoconioses

A

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis

–> ↑ risk of cor pulmonale, cancer, and Caplan syndrome (RA and pneumoconioses with intrapulmonary nodules).

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13
Q

_________ are pathognomonic of asbestosis.

A

“Ivory white,” calcified, supradiaphragmatic and pleural plaques

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14
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome results in formation of ________ on biopsy

A

intra-alveolar hyaline membranes

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15
Q

Central sleep apnea

A

No respiratory effort due to CNS injury/toxicity, HF, opioids.

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16
Q

Samter’s triad

A

asthma, recurrent sinus disease with nasal polyps, and a sensitivity to aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

17
Q

chylothorax

A

Due to thoracic duct injury from trauma or malignancy. Milky appearing fluid; ↑ triglycerides.

18
Q

Transudate

A

↓ protein content. Due to ↑ hydrostatic pressure (eg, HF)

or

↓ oncotic pressure (eg, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis).

19
Q

Exudate

A

↑ protein content, cloudy. Due to malignancy, pneumonia, collagen vascular disease, trauma
(occurs in states of ↑ vascular permeability). Must be drained due to risk of infection.

20
Q

chlorpheniramine is?

A

First generation Antihistamines

21
Q

Second generation Antihistamines

A

Names usually end in “ -ADINE.”

ex: Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine, cetirizine.

Far less sedating than 1st generation because of ↓ entry into CNS.

22
Q

If a patient is on a LABA, they must also __________?

A

LABA must be used with inhaled steroids

Black box warning

ex: Salmeterol, formoterol

23
Q

Salmeterol, formoterol s/e

A

tremor and arrhythmia.

24
Q

Blocks leukotriene receptors (CysLT1).

A

Antileukotrienes: Montelukast, zafirlukast

Especially good for aspirin-induced asthma.

25
Q

Omalizumab

A

Anti-IgE monoclonal therapy for allergic asthma resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting β2-agonists

binds IgE and blocks binding to FcεRI.

26
Q

Ipratropium

A

Ipratropium is short
Tiotropium is long acting.

competitively blocks muscarinic receptors

prevents bronchoconstriction

27
Q

Methacholine

A

Muscarinic receptor (M3) agonist.

Used in bronchial challenge test to help diagnose asthma.

28
Q

Theophylline

A

causes bronchodilation
by inhibiting phosphodiesterase –> ↑ cAMP

Usage is limited because of narrow therapeutic index
(cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity)

Blocks actions of adenosine.

29
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

repeated cycles of lung injury and healing with ↑ collagen deposition (restrictive)

“honeycomb” lung appearance and digital clubbing

30
Q

bilateral hilar LAD
noncaseating granuloma
↑ ACE and Ca2+

A

Sarcoidosis

31
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi–> permanently dilated airways, purulent
sputum, recurrent infections, hemoptysis, digital clubbing.

Asc. w/ bronchial obstruction, poor ciliary motility

(eg, smoking, Kartagener
syndrome, CF, bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)

32
Q

Hypoxia vs Hypoxemia

A

Hypoxia = ↓ O2 delivery to tissue

Hypoxemia = ↓Pao2

33
Q

Hypoxemia (↓ Pao2)

A

Normal A-a gradient

  • High altitude
  • Hypoventilation (eg, opioid use)

↑ A-a gradient

  • V˙/Q˙ mismatch
  • Diffusion limitation (eg, fibrosis)
  • Right-to-left shunt
34
Q

V˙/Q˙= 0

A

0= “oirway” obstruction (shunt).

100% O2 does not improve Pao2 (eg, foreign body aspiration).

35
Q

V˙ /Q˙ = ∞

A

∞= blood flow obstruction

100% O2 improves Pao2 (eg, PE).

36
Q

Only things that decreas COPD mortality

A
  • smoking cessation

* 02 when indicated

37
Q

What is a COPD exacerbation?

A

acute worsening of resp symptoms that requires additional therapy