Building Construction Flashcards
One of the series of parallel beams
Floor Joist
A joist on which floor boards are laid
Common Joist/ Bridging Joist
A beam which supports the common joist of a floor above and the ceiling joists below
Binding Joist/ Binder
Commonly joins two vertical posts
Bonding Joist/ Binder
A large principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete or timber
Girder
used to support concentrated loads at isolated point along its length
Girder
A brace or a system of braces placed between joists to stiffen them and help distribute the load
Bridging
Diagonal Bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent joists from twisting
Cross/ Diagonal Bridging or Herringbone Strutting
Short Member (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen joist
Block or Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting
A floor supported by common joists without girder
Bridging Floor
A large joist that carries much of a floor load
Principal Joist
Any joist resting directly in sleepers
Sleeper Joist
Horizontal member which housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists
Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband
On a beam which carries joists flush with the upper edge of the beam, strip of lumber nailed on the side of beam, forming a seat for joist and helping to support them
Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip
a horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure which rests on the foundation
Sill
What aspects binds the consultants with the contractors in the construction industry
Client
Proper order of the traditional procurement process in construction
Pre-design, Schematic, Design Development, Bidding, Negotiation, Construction
Who is liable for the sub-contractor’s mistake if seen from a traditional contract system
Contractor
What is a shelter from rain, sun and wind; this implies a roof, and walls to support it. If the walls entirely enclose the space within, there are doorways for access and windows for light
Building
High Rise Building
11 and above floors
Mid rise Bldg
5-10 floors
Low rise bldgs
1-4 floors
Not part of the framing system
Foundation
Load Distribution
Beams>Columns>Footing
Major lighting consideration in a room
General, Mood, Accent Lighting
Used to project/draw a straight line in a flat surface
Pitik
Power tool use to cut off moulding in a wooden section
Router
Most flexible sawing power tool
Jig Saw
What division is Wood and Plastics
Division 6
Min. required distance from every structure to property lines
Setback
Used to mark the end points of property line during site layout
Stakes
Where would you place major steel reinforcement of a footing
At the bottom
Concrete: Compression, Wood:
Wood: Compression & Tension
Framing element that does not support the floor
Girder
Floor Slab is supposed on an axis, what type of slab is it?
one way slab
Following cannot support a floor
Kostilyahe : Ceiling Joist
Process where design is translated into real world into tangible matter
Construction
Most complex industries in human society
Construction
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result
Project
Geographical venue of the project
Site
Determined needs of the users guide for design process
Program
Sequence coming and duration of works to be done in order to complete project
Schedule
Financial allocation for the project
Budget
Unseen or possible changes in the design or construction on of a project
Contingencies
money designed may be needed in design to accommodate new project requirements
Design contingencies
Money needed to pay unforeseen work or materials necessary
Construction Contingencies
Money by owner possible fund additional work
Owner Contingencies
Money needed to pay significant increase cost of materials
Escalation
Written information clarifies bidding documents
Addendum
additional design added on construction documents to obtain multiple possible cost
Alternate
Imply added materials and cosr
Add Alternates
Imply removal of certain elements to lower project cost as necessary
Deduct Alternates
ANSI
American National Standard Institute
Contract documents marked up to reflected any changes during construction
As Built Drawing/ Bid Drawings/ Record Drawing
Offer a Proposal or a price submit estimates and cost of project
Bid
Written documents issued by appropriate government authority permitting the construction
Building Permit
Documents is issued by local government agency stating building property meets local standard od occupancy
Certificate of Occupancy
Written documents between and signed by owner and contractor authorizing a change in the work adjust contract sum or length of time
Change Order
Intensive design process solving architectural problem quickly
Charrette
Direct contractor costs for labor, materials, equipment, and services as well overhead and profit.
Construction Cost
Organization and direction of the labor force materials and equipment
Construction Management
Written agreement giving responsibility for project planning and accomplishment and overall project
Construction Management Contract
Hired by the owner or arch. to provide information advice the project
Consultant
Contractual duties and responsibilities of arch and engr
Contract Administration
Difference between original contract orice and final complete cost
Contract Over(under) run
Licensed individual or company that agrees and perform the work as specified
Contractor
date certified by arch when work is to be completed
Date Substantial Completion
Calculation of the amount of labor
Estimating
method of construction management where construction begins before completion of construction
Fast Track Construction
Moveable furniture fixtures and equipment do not require permanent connection to structure and utilities
FF&E
Written order calling for clarification or minor change in construction work not involving change in contract
Field Order
Licensed individual or company with prime responsibility for the work
General contractor
Expenses that are not chargeable to specific project or task such as overhead
Indirect Cost
NIBS
National Institute of Building Sciences
Written contract between arch. and client for professional arch. services
Owner-Architect Agreement
Central Idea governing and organizing work of arch. from French “partir” to depart intention of going somewhere
Parti
desired list of spaces rooms elements as well as their sizes
Program
Line diagram showing proposed and actual starting completion time in project
Progress Schedule
All cost for a specific project until fixtures and equipment and any other project related expenses
Project Cost
Written list of names and addresses of all parties involve in a project: owner, architect, engr., contractor
Project Directory
Qualified individual or firm authorized by the owner to be responsible for coordinating time for all portions of a project
Project Manager
Detailed written specs describing acceptable construction materials and methods
Project Manual
Written request from contractor to the owner or arch. for clarification of contract documents
Request for Information (RFI)
Written request to contractor for estimate or cost proposal
Request for Proposal (RFP)
Plan for performing work, chart within drawing set
Schedule
Chart diagram or outline of system being proposed
Scheme
Written range of view or action for a specific project
Scope of Work
Drawings diagram schedule and other data specially prepared by contractor sub , manufacturer, supplier or distributor
Shop Drawing
Location of structure or group of structure
Site
Expenses in addition to direct cost inc. arch. and engr. fees
Soft Costs
listing of minimum acceptable ethical, principals and practice
Standard of Professional Practice
Load bearing assembly of beams and columns of foundation
Structural Systems
Specialized contractor who is subordinate to the prime or main contractor
Sub Contractor
Interior improvements of the project after the building envelope is complete
Tenants Improvements
Proposed replacement or alternate for material or process of equivalent cost and quality
Substitution
Written agreement wherein payment is based on actual cost for labor in addition to overhead
Time and Materials (T&M)
Process of analyzing costs vs the value of alternative materials achieving lowest total costs for a project
Value Engineering (VE)
Restrictions of areas or regions of land within specific areas based on permitted building size est by governing urban authorities
Zoning
Document issued by a governing urban authority that permits land to be used for a specific purpose
Zoning Permit
Part of building above ground
Superstructure
Habitable part of the building below ground
Sub Structure
Structural part of the building that transfers the weight of the building onto the ground below
Foundation
LOT LINE: One of legally defined and recorded boundaries of parcel land
Property Line
Defined by Lot Title
Property Line
Known as Transfer Certificate title (TCT), has location bearings and owner
PropertyLine
Process transferring initial key points of an arch. design onto site to construct
Layout
Fixed, static loads made up of buildings own structure skin equuipments
Dead Loads
Moving or transient loads such as occupants, furnishing rain snow and ice
Live loads
Pressure from wind that affects lateral loads uplift or downward pressure
Wind Loads
Impact loads, shock waves vibrations and seismic loads
Other Loads
Lowest foundation on construction, below surface ground, anchor super strcuture load direct to earth
Foundation
Part of foundation bearing directly upon supporting soil
Footing
2 Types of Foundation
Shallow Footing
Deep Foundation
Constructed by manually or mechanically excavating the site until desired depth is reached; LESS EXPENSIVE & FEW STORIES
Shallow Foundation
Used when soil is too soft, extend to where earth is hard enough
Deep Foundations
Single spread footing supporting freestanding column
Isolated Footing
Reinforced concrete footing extended to support row of columns
Continuous Footing
Continuous spread of footing of a foundation wall
Strip Footing
Reinforced concrete footing for perimeter column extended to support interior column load
Combined Footing
Thick, slab like footing of reinforced concrete supporting a number of columns or entire building
Mat Footing
Mat Foundation reinforced by grid of ribs above or below the slab
Ribbed Mat
Drilled Pier: hole drilled or dug (augnering), through inadequate soil filled with concrete
Caisson Foundations
Driven into place instead of being drilled and poured; made of timber, steel or cncrete, piles driven closely together in clusters
Pile Foundations
Powder material when combined with water possess adhesive and cohesive properties, HARDENS IN PLACE
Cement
Insert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mixed with cement and water, creates CONCRETE
Aggregrates
Combines with cement to form a paste which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening, binds entire mass together
Water
Plastic mass cast, molded or formed into predetermined size and shape
Concrete
Hardening of concrete
Setting
When mixed with water and fine aggregates less than 6mm(1/4”)
Stucco, Mortar, Cement Plaster
When mixed with water and large aggregates more than 6mm(1/4”)
Concrete
Concrete without reinforcement
Plain/ Mass Concrete
Calcine mixture of clay and cement
Cement
Made by calcination of limestone, used by egyptians,greeks and roman
Lime
Source of word “plaster” ; can be more plastic if lime is added
Gypsum
First developed by Romans; mix of slaked lime with pozzolona (volcanic ash) hardened under water
Pozzolan Cement
Patented by John Aspdin
Portland Cement
Patented by John Aspdin
Portland Cement
Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner two materials act together in resisting forces
Reinforced Concrete
water used in mixing must be
Clean and free and Portable and clean
Introduces minute air bubble to increase its resistance
Air Entraining Agents
Used to speed up setting time
Accelerators
Slows down setting of concrete allow more time for working the mix
Retarders
Reduces water requirements for given consistency, PLASTICIZERS
Reducers
Reduces capillary attraction of voids concrete decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar
Integral Waterproofing Compound
SAHARA
Used to give colors to concrete
Colored Pigments
Reinforcement changes the basic strength properties of concrete as structure
Reinforcement Bars
Strength of concrete mix is highly affected by how much water is added into mixture
Water Cement Ratio
Gallon per bag of cement for ordinary job conditions
Ave 6.5
Transfers load along its length to its support
Beam
Type of RC Beam floor and beam are built the same tied together
T Beams
Beams with reinforcement in compression as well as tension side of beam doesn’t require bent up bars
Beam with Compression Reinforcement (Doubly Reinforced Beams)
Beams supported at one end only
Cantilever Beams
Beams supported at one end only; Tensile is only at the top
Cantilever Beams
double reinforced beams for long spans, hollowed center
Hollow Box Girders
Short beam extensions from columns to support rafters and trusses
Beam Brackets and Corbels
Ideal type for steel beam
I Beam
Two types of steel girder
Plate Girder
Box Girder
Beam composed of wide plate known as web
Plate Girder
Web maybe frequently reinforce against buckling
Stiffener angles
A built up beam with more than one web plate is used
Box Girder
Lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having trussed web
Open web Steel Joists
Cold formed sheet or strip steel, lightweight economical form system
Light Gauge Steel Joist
Level Base Surface
Floor
Most commonly used RC Construction, by two parallel beams, run in one direction only
One way solid slab and beam
Economical type of floor construction form medium span lengths light and medium span loads
One way joist slab and ribbed slab
formed perpendicular to the joists in order to distribute possible load
Distribution Rib
Having beams or walls on four sides, use to sets of reinforcing bars placed at right angles to each other
Two way solid slab and beam
most efficient when spanning square or nearly square bays and heavy loads
Two way slabs
Two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions, heavier loads and span longer distance
Two Way Waffle Slab
Concrete slab of uniform thickness supported directly without beams or girders, Simplicity
Two Way Flat Plate
Potentially high shearing stress
Punching Shear
Flat plate thickened at its column supports increase shear strength and moment resisting capacity
Two Way Flat Slabs
Area of increase thickness
Drop Panel
Slab placed on dense base and supported directly on ground
Concrete Slab on Grade
Expansion Joints allow movements between concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls
Isolation Joints
Provide place for construction to stop and continue later time
Construction Joints
Create lines of weakness so cracking occurs along predetermined lines
Control Joints
Steel Floor System commonly seen in composite construction in form of
Metal Decking
used as working platform during construction and formwork for sitecast
Corrugated Steel Panels
3 Types of joints for concrete
Expansion Joints
Construction Joints
Control Joints
3 Types of metal Decking
Form Decking
Composite Decking
Cellular Decking
permanent formwork until slab can support itself and live loads
Form Decking
Tensile reinforcement bonded with embossed rib pattern, achieved by welding shear studs
Composite decking
acoustic ceiling perforated cells filled with glass fiber; welding a corrugated sheet to flat steel sheet, spaceway for electrical and communications wiring
Cellular Decking
cast in place other than where it is to be installed in strcuture
Precast Concrete
Pre cast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees
One way spanning units
Reinforced steel is first prestessed and poured
Pre-Tensioning
Pre tensioning is done by
Hydraulic Jacks
lightest form of framing
Balloon Framing
Modification of old braced frame heavy timbers joint M&T; more rigid
Combination Frame
Girts which support floor joist
Drop girts
Parallel to the joists
Raised/ Flushed Girts
Ground and second floor are supported by respective platforms
Platform Frame
Type of framing in Phil.; floor joists>girder>trusses>posts
Heavy wood framing of beam and Girder Framing
Column designed to concentrated load
Pier
