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Sectional Anatomy > Brain > Flashcards

Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

The dura mater

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2
Q

What is the strongest layer of the meninges?

A

The dura mater

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3
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal & meningeal

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4
Q

What is the outside layer of the dura mater continuous with?

A

-Outside layer continuous with the bone (periosteal layer)

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5
Q

Where are the menigneal vessel located?

A

Located between the dura and the cranium are the meningeal vessels

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6
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Potential space between the dura and the cranium called the epidural space

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7
Q

Where is the epidural space “located”?

A

Potential space located between the two dural layers are the dural sinuses (provide venous drainage)

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the dural folds?

A

They separate the brain structures and provide additional cushioning and support

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9
Q

What does the Falx cerebri separate?

A

Separates the cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

What does the Tentorium cerebelli form?

A

Forms a partition between the cerebrum and the cerebellum (another part of the dura)

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11
Q

What does the Tentorial notch surround?

A

Surrounds the midbrain

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12
Q

What structures does the tentorial notch connect?

A

Connects the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum

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13
Q

What is the Falx cerebri?

A

The Dura folding over itself

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14
Q

What is the Arachnoid membrane?

A

Delicate, transparent membrane

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15
Q

How is the arachnoid membrane Separated from the dura?

A

Separated by a potential space called the subdural space.

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16
Q

What is the inner layer of the meninges?

A

The Pia mater

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17
Q

T/F

The pia mater is not vascular

A

False; Highly vascular

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18
Q

What does the pia mater adhere to?

A

Adheres closely to the contours of the brain

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19
Q

What separates the pia mater from the arachnoid mater

A

The subarachnoid space

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20
Q

What fluid is contained within the subarachnoid space

A

CSF

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21
Q

What are Arachnoid granulations (villi)?

A

Small protrusions of the arachnoid mater into the dural sinuses allow for CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the bloodstream.

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22
Q

Where does the largest granulations lie?

A

Lies in the superior sagittal sinus along the midline of the head

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23
Q

What separates the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebelli?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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24
Q

What is the Ventricular system in the brain?

A

Fluid filled cavities deep within the brain

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25
Q

What does the Choroid plexus produce?

A

Produces CSF

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26
Q

What are the 2 superior most cavities of the ventricular system?

A

Right and left lateral ventricles

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27
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located in the brain?

A

Lies within each cerebral hemisphere

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28
Q

What are the right and left lateral ventricles separated by?

A

Separated at the midline by a thin membrane called the septum pellucidum.

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29
Q

What does the ventricular system of the lateral ventricles of the brain consist of?

A

Consists of a body and 3 extensions: frontal/anterior horn, occipital/posterior horn and temporal/inferior horn

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30
Q

T/F

On an axial slice we will not see all three ventricles

A

True

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31
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle?

A

The lateral ventricles communicate inferiorly with the 3rd ventricle via the paired interventricular foramen

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32
Q

What is another name for the interventricular foramen

A

Foramen of Monro

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33
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located in relation to the lateral ventricles?

A

Located midline just inferior to the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles

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34
Q

What is the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle formed by?

A

Formed by a thin membrane termed the lamina terminalis

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35
Q

What are the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle formed by?

A

They are formed by the thalamus.

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36
Q

What is located within the posterior horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

The choroid plexus

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37
Q

How does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle?

A

Communicates via a long, narrow passageway termed the cerebral aqueduct

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38
Q

What is another name for the cerebral aqueduct

A

Aqueduct of Sylvius

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39
Q

What part of the midbrain does the cerebral aqueduct travel through?

A

Travels through the posterior aspect of the midbrain.

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40
Q

What is the shape of the 4th ventricle?

A

diamond shaped

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41
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located in relation to the cerebellum and the pons?

A

Located anterior to the cerebellum and posterior to the pons.

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42
Q

What separates the 4th ventricle from the cerebellum?

A

A thin membrane forming the superior and inferior medullary velum.

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43
Q

What is the last ventricle that the CSF goes through?

A

The fourth ventricle

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44
Q

After passing through the fourth ventricle, what space in the brain does it travel to?

A

Enters the subarachnoid space

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45
Q

What is the major exit route for CSF after passing through the fourth ventricle?

A

The median aperture

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46
Q

What is another name for the median aperture?

A

Foramen of Magendie

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47
Q

Where is the median aperture located?

A

Located on the posterior wall of the 4th ventricle.

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48
Q

What structure does the median aperture communicate with?

A

It communicates with the cisterna magna.

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49
Q

What are the two lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle also called?

A

Foramen of Luschka

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50
Q

What cistern do the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle communicate with?

A

Communicate with the cerebellopontine angle cistern.

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51
Q

From the 4th ventricle, where does CSF continue within the body?

A

CSF continues into the spinal cord via the central canal.

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52
Q

What is the Midbrain?

A

A bundle of nervous tissue connecting the cerebrum with the cerebellum and spinal cord.

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53
Q

Where is the midbrain located in relation to the 3rd ventricle?

A

Located inferior to the third ventricle

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54
Q

What aqueduct does the midbrain contain?

A

Contains the cerebral aqueduct.

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55
Q

What structure is located on the anterior aspect of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral peduncles

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56
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncles?

A

Carry motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and the spinal cord.

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57
Q

T/F

The Pons are located in the brainstem

A

True

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58
Q

Where are the pons located in relation to the fourth ventricle?

A

Located anterior to the 4th ventricle.

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59
Q

What are the pons?

A

A structure where nerve fibers from the cerebellum join those from the cerebrum and spinal cord.

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60
Q

What structure forms the lower brain stem?

A

The medulla oblongata

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61
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located in relation to the pons?

A

Directly below the pons

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62
Q

What structure does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

Contains all the ascending and descending tracts that communicate between the brain and the spinal cord.

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63
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

A narrow fluid filled space surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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64
Q

What is the location of the widening of the subarachnoid space called?

A

It widens at locations called basal cisterns

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65
Q

T/F

Cisterns are usually named after the brain structure it borders

A

True

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66
Q

What is the largest cistern in the brain?

A

The Cisterna magna

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67
Q

Where is the cisterna magna located within the brain?

A

Located in the lower posterior fossa

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68
Q

Where is the Interpeduncular cistern located?

A

Located between the peduncles of the midbrain

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69
Q

What does the Interpeduncular cistern communicate with inferiorly?

A

Communicates inferiorly with the prepontine cistern

70
Q

Where are the Prepontine cistern located in relation to the pons?

A

Located just anterior and inferior to the pons

71
Q

What does the Prepontine cistern communicate with laterally?

A

Communicates laterally with the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) cistern.

72
Q

Where is the CPA cistern located?

A

Located at the junction of the pons and the cerebellum.

73
Q

What two structures does the ambient cistern connect?

A

Connects the interpeduncular cistern with the quadrigeminal cistern.

74
Q

Where is the Quadrigeminal Cistern located?

A

The quadrigeminal cistern lies between the cerebellum and the midbrain.

75
Q

Where is the Suprasellar cistern located? What does it contain?

A

Located above the Sella turcica and contains the optic chiasm and the Circle of Willis.

76
Q

What is the largest portion of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

77
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Divided into left and right hemispheres

78
Q

What are the neural tissues located within the hemispheres of the cerebrum called?

A

Gyri

79
Q

What are gyri separated by?

A

Separated by shallow grooves called sulci and by deeper grooves called fissures.

80
Q

What does the Central Sulcus divide?

A

Divides the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

81
Q

What are the 2 main fissures of the cerebrum?

A

The longitudinal fissure & Sylvian/lateral fissure

82
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure divide?

A

Divides left and right cerebral hemispheres. (deep)

83
Q

What is located within the longitudinal fissure?

A

Falx cerebri and superior sagittal sinus

84
Q

What does the lateral fissure separate?

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobes. (deep)

85
Q

What type of matter makes up the Cerebral cortex

A

Grey matter

86
Q

What is located deep to the cerebral cortex?

A

White matter

87
Q

What is the purpose of the white matter?

A

Contains fibers that create pathways for the transmission of nerve impulses to and from the cortex.

88
Q

What is the largest and densest bundle of white matter fibers within the cerebrum

A

The corpus callosum.

89
Q

Where is the insular cortex located?

A

In each hemisphere of the brain deep within the lateral fissure

90
Q

Where is the Corpus callosum located?

A

Located midline

91
Q

What does the corpus callosum form?

A

Forms the roof of the lateral ventricles

92
Q

What two structures does the corpus callosum connect?

A

Connects left and right hemispheres.

93
Q

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum, Genu, Body & Splenium

94
Q

What structures does the anterior commissure connect?

A

Connects the anterior portion of the temporal lobes.

95
Q

Where is the posterior commissure located?

A

It crosses the midline behind the third ventricle, immediately above the cerebral aqueduct and inferior to the pineal gland.

96
Q

What type of matter is the Basal Ganglia/Nuclei?

A

Subcortical grey matter

97
Q

What does the basal ganglia/nuclei consist of?

A

Consists of caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus and claustrum

98
Q

Where is the Caudate nucleus located in relation to the lateral ventricle?

A

Parallel to the lateral ventricle

99
Q

What parts does the caudate nucleus consist of?

A

Consists of a head, body and tail.

100
Q

What causes the indentation in the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles?

A

The head of the caudate nucleus

101
Q

Where does the tail of the caudate nucleus end?

A

Terminates in the amygdala in the temporal lobe.

102
Q

Where is the Lentiform nucleus located in realtion to the insula, caudate, and thalamus?

A

Located between the insula, caudate nucleus and thalamus.

103
Q

What type of matter is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Grey matter

104
Q

What are the parts of the Lentiform nucleus?

A

1.Globus pallidus (medially) and
2.putamen (laterally).

105
Q

What is the claustrum?

A

It is a thin layer of gray matter lying between the insula and the lentiform nucleus.

106
Q

What are the 3 large tracts of white matter in the brain?

A

The internal, external and extreme capsules

107
Q

What is the function of the 3 large tracts of white matter in the brain?

A

They separate the basal nuclei and transmit electrical impulses throughout the brain.

108
Q

What are the two major components of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

109
Q

What type of matter is the thalamus?

A

Gray masses

110
Q

What makes up the walls of the third ventricle?

A

The thalamus

111
Q

How does the thalamus connect through the middle of the third ventricle?

A

Through adhesions called the massa intermedia. (hole in the 3rd ventricle)

112
Q

Where is the Hypothalamus located in relation to the thalamus?

A

Below thalamus

113
Q

What is the Hypothalamus made of?

A

Consists of a cluster of small but critical nuclei

114
Q

What forms the floor of the third ventricle?

A

The Hypothalamus

115
Q

What does the Hypothalamus consist of?

A

Consists of the optic chiasm, mammillary bodies and the infundibulum

116
Q

Which way does the optic nerve extend through the orbit? What canal does it exit through?

A

Extends posteriorly through the orbit and leaves the orbit via the optic canal.

117
Q

T/F

The optic nerve enters the anterior cranial fossa.

A

True

118
Q

What do the optic nerves join to form?

A

Form the optic chiasm

119
Q

Where is the optic chiasm located?

A

The suprasellar cistern.

120
Q

What makes up the optic tracts?

A

The fibers of each optic nerve cross the midline (decussate) at the chiasm, forming the optic tracts.

121
Q

What structure Occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

A

The cerebellum

122
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of motor functions

123
Q

How many cerebellar hemispheres are there?

A

2

124
Q

What is the Midline structure of the cerebellum?

A

The vermis which connects the two hemispheres

125
Q

T/F

The walls of the arteries of the brain are thin and weak

A

True; causing them to be susceptible to aneurysms and strokes.

126
Q

T/F

The veins of the brain contain valves.

A

False; They do not contain valves

127
Q

Why is it beneficial that the veins of the brain do not have valves?

A

This lack of valves allows blood to flow in either direction.

128
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

To prevent movement of certain molecules from their vascular compartment into the brain tissues.

129
Q

T/F
Some structure within the brain do not have a BBB

A

True

130
Q

How do structures that do not a have a BBB appear when contrast media is used?

A

They will enhance when contrast media is used.

131
Q

Read over the following structures that do not have a BBB:

A

pituitary gland, infundibulum, pineal gland, choroid plexus, mucosal lining of the sinuses, venous structures and meninges

132
Q

Where are dural venous sinuses located in relation to the layers of the brain?

A

Located between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater in the brain.

133
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses recieve blood from? Where do they recieve CSF from?

A

-Receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain
-Receive CSF from the subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations

134
Q

What vein do the dural venous sinuses generally drain into?

A

Mainly empty into the internal jugular vein.

135
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located in relation to the falx cerebri?

A

Located within the upper margins of the falx cerebri

136
Q

What do the layers of the dura form?

A

Form a sinus for venous blood draining from the upper cerebral hemisphere.

137
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located in relation to the calvarium?

A

Located near the inner surface of the calvarium.

138
Q

What structure does the superior sagittal sinus start and end at?

A

Begins at the crista galli and ends at the internal occipital protuberance.

139
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus located in relation to to the falx cerebri?

A

Located within the lower margin of the falx cerebri.

140
Q

In the coronal section where is the inferior sagittal sinus located in relation to the hemispheres and the corpus callosum?

A

It is located between the hemispheres just above the corpus callosum.

141
Q

What sinus is this describing?
A space for venous blood between the layers of the dura at the juncture of the falx cerebri, the falx cerebelli and the tentorium cerebelli.

A

Straight sinus

142
Q

What is the straight sinus formed by?

A

Formed by the union of ISS and the great cerebral vein (of Galen)

143
Q

What does the straight sinus empty into?

A

Empties into the confluence of sinuses.

144
Q

T/F
The internal cerebral veins are paired.

A

True

145
Q

Where are the internal cerebral veins located in relation to the 3rd ventricle and where do they drain into?

A

Located on the roof of the 3rd ventricle and drain into the vein of Galen.

146
Q

Where are the internal cerebral veins located in relation to the corpus colosseum?

A

They are located just inferior to the splenium of the CC. (corpus collosum)

147
Q

What vein is this describing?
Unpaired, short, and runs between the splenium of the CC and the pineal gland.

A

Great cerebral vein (of Galen)

148
Q

What is the opening of the COS formed by?

A

Formed by the layers of the dura where the SSS, SS and transverse sinus meet

149
Q

Where is the Transverse sinus located in relation to the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Located within the posterior margin of the tentorium cerebelli.

150
Q

What sinus drains blood from the COS?

A

The transverse sinus

151
Q

What sinus does the transverse sinus join with?

A

Joins the sigmoid sinus.

152
Q

Where are the Cavernous Sinuses located in relation to the body of the sphenoid and the pituitary gland?

A

Located on either side of the body of the sphenoid and pituitary gland.

153
Q

What does the Cavernous Sinuses drain blood into?

A

Drains blood into the petrosal sinuses, which drain into the sigmoid sinuses

154
Q

Where does the sigmoid sinus drain blood from?

A

The petrosal sinuses

155
Q

Where does the petrosal sinus drain blood into?

A

Into the internal jugular veins.

156
Q

What two main pairs of vessels does the brain receive arterial blood from?

A

The internal carotid artery and the vertebral arteries.

157
Q

Once the ICA exits the carotid canal, what two structures does it run through after?

A

Runs superior to the foramen lacerum and then forward to enter the cavernous sinus.

158
Q

What vessel forms the carotid siphon before it exits the cavernous sinus?

A

The ICA

159
Q

What vessel does the ophthalmic artery branch off of?

A

The ICA (just inferior to the anterior clinoid process.)

160
Q

Within the circle of willis, what does the ICA branch into?

A

Branches into anterior and middle cerebral arteries

161
Q

What is the Superior border of the cavernous sinus?

A

The optic chiasm, internal carotid artery

162
Q

What is the Inferior border of the cavernous sinus?

A

The greater wing of sphenoid bone

163
Q

What is the Medial border of the cavernous sinus?

A

Sella turcica and sphenoidal sinus

164
Q

What is the Lateral border of the cavernous sinus?

A

The temporal lobes

165
Q

What arteries does the vertebral artery branch off of?

A

The subclavian arteries.

166
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the skull through?

A

Enters the cranium through the foramen magnum.

167
Q

What structure do the 2 vertebral arteries run along prior to their union?

A

Run along the medulla oblongata

168
Q

What do the vertebral arteries unite to form?

A

Form the basilar artery.

169
Q

What does the basilar artery give rise to?

A

Gives rise to the posterior cerebral arteries.

170
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

The Anastomosis of 4 major arteries: 2 vertebrals and 2 internal carotids.

171
Q

What is this describing?
Located in the suprasellar cistern

A

The circle of willis

Sectional Anatomy (19 decks)

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