Abdomen-Part 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
What are the anatomical landmarks that mark the upper and lower extent of the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm and pelvic brim
What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal walls and organs?
Peritoneum (visceral and parietal)
What are the retroperitoneal structures of the abdomen?
S=Suprarenal (adrenal) Glands
A = Aorta/IVC
D =Duodenum (except the duodenal cap aka sup. part)
P = Pancreas (except the tail)
U = Ureters
C = Colon (ascending and descending parts)
K = Kidneys
E = Esophagus
R = Rectum (prostate gland in males)
What is the liver bordered by medially?
Duodenum, stomach and transverse colon.
What is the liver bordered by posteriorly?
right kidney
What is the inner surface of the kidney bordered by?
hepatic flexure
What are the ligaments that come off the liver?
Falciform ligament
Round ligament (ligamentum teres)
Ligamentum venosum
What lobe of the liver is most anterior?
The left lobe of the liver
What is the largest lobe of the liver?
The right lobe
Where does the falciform ligament sit?
Falciform sits in the interlobar fissure between the R and L lobe of liver
What is the smallest lobe of the liver?
Caudate lobe
What structures surround the caudate lobe?
IVC & fissure for ligamentum venosum.
Where is the caudate lobe located?
Located on the inferior and posterior lower surface
Where is the quadrate lobe located?
Located on the inferior and anterior lower surface of the liver
What structures are located around the Quadrate lobe of the liver?
Gall bladder and the round ligament
T/F
If you see the quadrate on an axial slice, you will be able to see the gall bladder
True
Where is the caudate lobe located in relation to the IVC?
Medial and anterior to the IVC
Where is the gallbladder located in relation to the liver?
Anteroinferior surface of the right lobe.
T/F
The gallbladder is not situated close to the first portion of the duodenum, but on the other side of the abdomen.
False; gall bladder is situated close to the first portion of the duodenum
What are the 3 portions of the stomach?
Fundus, body, pylorus
What part of the stomach is most dialted?
Dilated at the fundus
What is the most narrow part of the stomach called?
Pylorus
In which direction does the stomach tilt?
Inferoanterior
What is the first portion of the stomach that we see in an axial slice?
Fundus
What are the sections of the pancreas?
Head, Neck, Body & Tail
At what vertebral level is the pancreas located at?
(don’t need to memorize, good for reference)
T12-L3
T/F
The head end of the pancreas is more superior than the tail
False; The tail end of the pancreas is more superior than the head
Where is the pancreas located in realtion to the stomach?
Posterior to the stomach
What structure does the tail of the pancreas sit against?
The spleen
Where does the head of the pancreas sit?
In the curvature of the duodenum
What is the uncinate process?
The part of the pancreatic head that extends medially towards the jejunum.
What vessel is located on the posterior surface of the pancreas?
Splenic vein
What vessel is located just posterior to the pancreatic neck?
The portal vein
What is the portal vein formed by?
Formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein.
Where is the spleen located in relation to the stomach?
Just lateral to the stomach
T/F
In a normal spleen, the splenic artery appears homogenous
True
What structures surround the right adrenal gland?
-IVC right crus, and right kidney surrounds the right adrenal gland
What structures surround the left adrenal gland?
-L crus, L kidney and pancreas surround the Left adrenal gland
T/F
The kidney sits in the layer of peritoneal fat
True
T/F
Without contrast you wouldn’t see the sections of the kidney
True
What vertebral level do the kidneys sit at?
(Don’t need to memorize, good for reference)
Kidneys sit from T12-L3/L4
Which kidney sits more inferior in the body? Why?
The right kidney because of the liver
What structure does the right kidney sit against?
The liver
Where do the ureters travel in relation to the kidneys?
Inferior and medially to the kidneys
Which is more anterior, the ureters, or the PSOAS muscle?
The ureters
T/F
We can see PSOAS muscle even if we cannot see the kidneys
False; We cannot see the PSOAS muscle until we see the kidneys
What structures is the duodenum located between?
Duodenum located btwn gallbladder and pancreas
T/F
The pancreas should have uniform density
True
T/F
When we see the jejunum and duodenum, we will see head and uncinate process of the pancreas
True
Where does the duodenum travel in relation to the IVC?
Anterior to the IVC
Where does the duodenum travel in relation to the superior mesenteric vein?
Posterior to the SMV
T/F
The jejunum is located in the left abdominal area
True
T/F
The Ileum is located in the left abdominal area
False; Located in the right abdominal area
T/F
The large bowel is typically radiopaque
False; Typically has a lot of air and feces in it contributing to multiple densities
T/F
Axial slice of the cecum, you will see the appendix
True
T/F
The transverse colon is retroperitoneal
False; Intraperitoneal
T/F
We may see small bowel loops in the pelvic cavity
True
At what vertebral segment is the PSOAS muscle located at?
Lumbar segment
What vein of the liver becomes visible if the tail of the pancreas is visible?
If you see the tail of the pancreas, you will see the portal vein
T/F
Once you see the neck of the pancreas, that means that the SMV will become visible
True
What are the 3 openings into the diaphragm, and what vertebral level are they located at?
Caval hiatus (T8-T9)
Esophageal hiatus (T10)
Aortic hiatus (T12)
What runs through the Caval hiatus?
The IVC
What is the most anterior and superior opening into the diaphragm?
The caval hiatus
What wraps around the esophageal hiatus?
The crus
What is the most posterior opening into the diaphragm?
Aortic hiatus
Where does the abdominal aorta begin?
Begins at the aortic hiatus (of the diaphragm).
What does the abdominal aorta bifricate into? At what level?
Right and left common iliac arteries (at approximately L4)
What are the paired and unpaired branches that come off the abdominal aorta prior to the bifrication?
1 Paired:
-Renal arteries
3 Unpaired:
-Celiac trunk
-Superior mesenteric artery
-Inferior mesenteric artery
What is the first branch that comes off the abdominal aorta
Celiac trunk
Where does the celiac trunk originate?
The anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta
What arteries does the celiac trunk give rise to?
splenic, L gastric, common hepatic artery
T/F
The L gastric moves superior and towards the stomach form the celiac trunk
True
when you see the L gastric, the other arteries that come off the celiac trunk are not visible until you move inferior
How do you distinguish btwn splenic vein and artery?
Artery is squiggly
Where is the Superior Mesenteric Artery located in relation to the celiac trunk and the renal arteries?
1cm inferior to the Celiac trunk and 1 cm superior to the renal arteries
What part of the aorta do the renal artery come off of?
The renal arteries will come off the lateral part of the aorta
As the SMA takes off at the AA, anterior to it lies what?
The pancreas
What makes up the SMV?
Portal vein + splenic vein
Following take off from the AA, the SMA travels anteriorly and curves inferiorly over what?
Following take off from the AA, the SMA travels anteriorly and curves inferiorly over the left renal vein.
Where do the renal arteries arise from?
The renal arteries arise from the lateral walls of the aorta just below the superior mesenteric artery
T/F
The renal arteries travel obliquily to the corresponding kidney.
False; The renal arteries travel horizontally to the corresponding kidney.
T/F
R renal artery is slightly longer than the left. Why or why not?
True: Because of the position of the aorta on the L side of the body
As the right renal artery travels towards the right kidney, does it pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the IVC?
The right renal artery passes posterior to the IVC on its course to the right kidney!!
Where is the Inferior Mesenteric Artery located in relation to the bifurcation of the aorta?
Located 3-4cm above the bifurcation of the aorta.
What does the inferior mesenteric artery arise from? What directions does it travel prior to supplying blood to structures?
Emerges from the aorta, descends anteriorly and inferiorly and then courses to the left
What is the smallest of the anterior branches of the aorta?
Inferior Mesenteric Artery
What is the largest vein of the body?
IVC
What is the IVC formed by and at what vertebral level?
Formed by the union of left and right common iliac veins at ~L5 vertebral level.
Where is the IVC located in relation to the liver?
Passes posterior to the liver
What muscle forms a large portion of the posterior abdominal wall?
Quadratus Lumborum
What muscle is this describing?
Extends from the iliac crest to the inferior border of the 12th rib and transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae.
Quadratus Lumborum
T/F
PSOAS is much more lateral than the Quadratus Lumborum
False; PSOAS is much more medial than the Quadratus Lumborum
What muscle forms the anterior abdominal wall? Is it paired or unpaired?
-The Rectus Abdominis
-Paired
What muscle is this describing?
Originates from the pubic symphysis and inserts at the xiphoid process
Rectus Abdominis
T/F
The transverse oblique muscles are deep to the internal oblique muscles
True
From what 2 points does the External & Internal Obliques extend from and to?
Extends from lower ribs to the iliac crest.
What muscle is this describing?
Group of muscles and tendons that run the length of the spine from the sacrum and hip up to the base of the skull. They lie on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
Erector Spinae
What muscle is this describing?
Longitudinal fibrous band that forms a central anterior site of attachment for the muscle layers of the abdomen.
Linea Alba
