BOOK 99, brush manual Flashcards
what things contribute to extreme fire weather?
fuel
weather
topography
aspect
the headings of T cards are colored to identify resource type. A T card with a green colored heading indicates which type of resource?
camp crews
which of the following statements is incorrect?
fire behavior specialist reports to logistics
the command staff of the LAFD brush fire incident command system include the following positions?
info officer
liaison officer
safety officer
command staff chief
resources checked in and assigned work tasks at an incident are best defined as?
active
the document that contains general control objectives reflecting the overall incident strategy, and specific action plans for the next operational period best describes?
IAP
the primary responsibility of incident resource status at a brush fire is the responsibility of?
resource status unit
the location at which the primary logistics functions are coordinated and administered identified as?
base
an agency rep is an individual assigned to an incident from an assisting or cooperating agency who has been delegated full authority to make decisions on all matters affecting that agencies participation at the incident. agency representatives report to?
liaison officer
an agency supplying assistance other than direct suppression, rescue support, or service functions to the incident control effort describes a ?
cooperating agency
the staging area is that location where incident personnel and equipment are assigned on an ? Minute available status.
3 minutes
technical specialist are advisors with special skills needed to support incident operations. which of the following are considered a technical specialist?
water resource specialist
training specialist
bulldozer operations
fire behavior specialist
the medical unit is primarily responsible for the development of a medical emergency plan and obtaining medical aid and transportation for injured and ill incident personnel. the medical unit is normally located at?
base
ICP
the logistics section at a brush fire is comprised of the ground support unit, base, communication unit, medical unit and supply and food unit. if one of the units is not formally activated, the functions assumed by?
the logistics section chief
MAC is defined as the combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and comms integrated into a common system with responsibility for coordination of assisting agency resources and supporting agency emergency operations. in reference to a brush fire, MAC stands for?
multi agency coordination system
a Helitack crew consists of? or more individuals who may be assigned to operations or to support helicopter operations.
3
the ICA title for an individual responsible for a functional unit is?
leader
a ground vehicle capable of transporting specific quantities of water describes a ?
water tender
a truck would be identified with which colored T card?
Tan
the heading of T cards are colored to identify resource type. a T card with green colored heading indicates which type of resource?
camp crews
a geographical site within the general incident area, separate from base, equipped and staffed to provide food, water and sanitary services to incident personnel describes?
camp
when deciding on a direct or indirect attack or a combination of both, you are beginning to formulate a ?
control plan
the initial point of attack should be first to?
Prevent loss of life
a disadvantage of a scratch line is?
longer fire line
more overhaul
personnel working directly in the heat and smoke
the air recon officer reports to ? or as directed by the IC.
operations section chief
when you arrive at the scene of a brush fire, you should size up the condition and make an initial on scene radio report. your report should consist of all of the following?
exact loaction, size and terrain of the fire
material burning
life hazard
assistance needed
according to ICS map display symbology which of the following symbols accurately depict the correct map legend?
branches are ID by [ ]
divisions are ID by ( )
helibase is ID by circle with a H in it
the responsibility to manage the activities at a helispot and is supported by helitack crews and suppression personnel as required is?
helispot manager
a strike team with a designator XLA will consist of Engine companies from the following cities?
santa monica
culver city
beverly hills
los angeles
the most common action for a first in engine at a brush fire is?
attack the hot flank
during the response, you should not the shape, color and angle of the smoke column. this info can inform you of?
wind direction
air stability
and whats burning
requests from staging areas for fueling and maintenance services of apparatus within their areas should be directed to?
ground support unit
the T card system is a dynamic manual system use to maintain resources status by assignment and location at an incident. T card resource identifiers for a Task Force are identified by?
each piece of apparatus
the officer responsible for establishing the incident command organization which is appropriate for the magnitude and nature of the incident, approves the ordering and release of resources, and directs and coordinates staff activities best describes?
IC
the ultimate objective is to contain the fire to a given perimeter by establishing a fire control line around the fire. the method used to construct the line will vary depending on several factors which include
size and location of the fire
their first alarm brush response is based on a hit it hard and fast concept resulting in the dispatch of a brush assignment to include?
1 TF
4 EN
2 BC
2 HELI
The advantages of a scratch line attack include all of the following?
having a safe area for escape
keeping the fire as small as possible
elimination of uncertain elements involved in backfiring
prior to the start of brush season, officers need to review their commands to assure that which of the following training has taken place?
brush fire hose lays
helicopter support
standard wildland firefighting safety rules and proper use of firefighting clothing and equip
the location of Staging is critical. it would be determined based upon?
access to the fire
where is the fire going
available parking
in the initial phase of a brush fire when resources are needed quickly, ask OCD to dispatch?
the closest engine compainies
an unfinished preliminary control line made as an emergency action to check the spread of the fire and to establish control of the perimeter, best describes a ?
scratch line
the primary attack method used by the LAFD in a brush fire is?
direct attack
the disadvantages of a scratch line include all of the following ?
longer fire line
more overhaul
personnel working directly in the heat and smoke
a large part of making brush fire strategy and tactics effective is?
preplanning
whey you are sent to a fire or moved up, to an area outside your normal radio frequency area, switch over to the new frequency?
upon leaving quarters
in fire area, consideration must be given to proper placement of apparatus and when developing a plan, should not be located in unsafe locations. all of the following would be considered an unsafe location?
saddles
tops of draws
above dense fuel areas
an indirect attack should not be used?
on a convenient road
if you are about to be overrun by fire, all of the following should be considered?
keep the apparatus engine running
get inside closed cabs
use pre connected lines and SCBA for personnel protection
the authority for igniting a backfire and conduct backfiring operations is found in the?
fire code
the minimum action to be taken when assigned to protect an immediately exposed structure should include?
surveying the area and giving priority to protection
our prime consideration under any conditions with the exception of safety is?
structure protection
the initial point of attack during brush firefighting should be to first?
prevent loss of life
when your arrive at the scene, you should size up the condition and make an initial on scene report. your report should include the following?
exact location of the fire
material burning
assistance needed
structure protection would be an example of what type of brush firefighting strategy?
indirect attack
the preferred method of extending hose lines in steep trerrain or heavy brush is?
hose rolls
under what conditions should an indirect attack tractic not be used?
heavy fuel
high winds
to stop the fire head
during firefighting operations in a wind driven fire, effectiveness is lost when?
mobility is lost
according to ICS map display symbology, which of the following is symbol does not accurately depict the correct map legend?
helispot is ID as a triagle
the ultimate objective at a brush fire is to contain the fire to a given perimeter by?
establishing fire behavior to determine the extension of the fire
when a relay is required for an initial commitment of resources at a brush fire, ? automatically becomes the relay officer?
first in company officer
in a relay situation, shutdowns are always initiated at?
the source of supply
a well constructed coldtrail, is half in and half out of the burn. authorities recommend a width of a coldtrail to be?
same height as the brush to twice the height
in selecting tools for coldtrailing, the most overlooked tool is the ?
McCloud
a coldtrailing team should be organized with associated responsibilities for each individual or the team. the individual whose responsibility to inspect and guarantee that the coldtrail is secure is referred to as?
captain
coldtrailing on a slope is most effective when it is done?
starting at the bottom of the slope and working up
when pulling hose with helicopters, the following field operational guidelines should be utilized?
hose bed being utilized should be positioned facing the direction that the hose will be placed
a running line of approximately 50 feet should be pulled and the female coupling returned to the working area
the hose goes under the upper hose bed/tailboard bar
the firefighter of the coldtrailing of the coldtrailing team assigned the job of cutting the heavy limbs and brush is referred to as the?
pioneer
during a helicopter supply operation involving dual pads, the minimum clearance between pads ( center to center) is?
150 feet
the use of 1 3/4 hose as a firefighting line is not recommended due to?
high gpm nozzle flows
nozzle reaction
kinking at low pressures
possible thermal damage to the hose jacket
when extending lines at a brush fire. the continuous line method is best suited for?
downhill extension
when a relay operation is needed at a brush fire and determining that the relay is just over 1/2 mile, how many triple apparatus is required?
7
when working on wildland fires and a report of spot fires is made, everyone must?
become extra alert
a prolonged wildland firefighting operations, the greatest number of injuries occur from?
fatigue due to heat
which of the following is not identified as a procedure taken during backfire operations?
clear along line and if practical throw cut brush into the burn area
when a fire occurs in an area remote from a water source, the IC must decide whether to set up a water relay operation or have apparatus shuttle water to the fire. this decision will be based in part upon?
the quantity of water needed
distance from the water supply
terrain
resources available to perform the job
during water shuttle operation, apparatus should be parked?
single file
most relays are eventually taxed to their capacity. this procedure will deliver a maximum fo ? gpm
900
when a company is assigned to protect a group of structures threatened by a brush fire, the exposure lay can be used drops. are limited due to?
amount of hose available
amount of fittings available
the penberthy 67 A (1 1/2) siphon ejector permits water to be picked up from streams, lakes, swimming pools and other sources of water. the ejector will supply ? 1inch spray tips and 75 psi nozzle pressure.
three
in order to prevent burning or smoldering objects such as cacuts, pineapples, logs, etc. from rolling downhill past the fireline, it is necessary to trench below them. a trench should never be less than?
one foot wide and one foot deep
requires that all members, who are actively engaged in wildland firefighting opeations, be provided with the following protective equipment?
helmet and goggles
nomex work pants or wool trousers and brush jacket
safety boots
fireshelters
one of the most hazardous places to be in a brush fire is?
upslope above the fire
the most logical place to stop and hold an upslope fire is?
ridge
if the fire is going to overrun you and your apparatus, you should do the following?
leave headlights/ warning lights on
get inside and close cab windows
use fire shelter to protect from radiant heat
fire shelters save lives by?
reflecting radiant heat
the two most important actions during entrapment are?
staying under the shelter and lying prone
when using a fire shelter, the percentage of radiant heat which is reflected by the fire shelters foil is?
95 percent
never plan to share a fire shelter as a shelter is designed for one person. sharing will greatly increase the risk of injury. if sharing is unavoidable, lie?
face to face
fire shelters shall be inspected monthly or afte being carried by members in the field. under which of the following circumstances should a fire shelter be taken out of service after inspection?
aluminum particles have turned the clear vinyl bag gray
tears over one inch long
during a shelter deployment, indicators that it is safe to leave the shelter include all of the following?
unable to communicate to others inclose proximity
fire whirlwinds ini a canyon bottom indicate?
unstable air
fire shelter deployment sites should be free of any fuels. if necessary, an area of ? by ? should be cleared to minimize flame contact with the shelter.
4 feet
8 feet
a saddle is and extremely hazardous location from which to operate. if necessary to operate on a saddle, operate from the ?
crest on either side of the saddle
the method used to construct the line will vary depending on several factors which include?
size and location of the fire
the location of staging is critical. it should be determined based upon?
access to the fire
where is the fire going
a large part of makinig brush fire strategy and tactics effective is?
preplanning
an indirect attack should be used?
on a convenient road
the authority for igniting a backfire and conduct backfiring operations is found in the?
fire code
the preferred method of extending hose lines in steep terrain or heavy brush is?
hose rolls
under what conditions should an indirect attack tactic not be used?
heavy fuels
high winds
to stop the fire head
automation aid is a system wherein ? or more fire dept. operate essentially as a single agency to respond routinely across jurisdictional boundaries for distances not in excess of ? miles to render mutual assistance in combating fire emergencies.
2
5
reporting locations are any one of six facilities/locations where incident assigned resources may check in to the incident. these locations include the following?
ICP
base
division supervisor
a section that is that organizational level having functional responsibility for primary segments of incidents operations. the section level is organizationally between?
branch and IC
the most variable component of a wildland fire environment is?
weather
in addition to the list of Cal osha requirements, the Dept. policy requires that members, engaged in wildland operations, have the protective hood ?
on their persons
unstable air can be identified by all of the following?
vertically developing cumulus clouds
dust devils
clean air
gusty winds
a large part of making brush fire strategy and tactics effective is preplanning. prior to the start of the brush season all officers need to review their commands to assure that training has taken place in the following areas?
brush fire hose lays
helicopter support
standard wildland firefighting safety rules
use of proper PPEs
fuel is any organic material, living or dead, on the ground, or in the air, that will ignite and burn. the most important influence on the flammability of fuels is?
moisture content
it is generally considered that at ? percent relative humidity, conditions are becoming favorable for brush fires?
30
the ignition temp of brush baries between ? and ? degrees fehrenheit. a practical average temp is considered to be about ? degrees fahrenheit
400 and 700;
540
winds affect the intensity, direction, and rate of spread of wildland fires by?
preheating fuels by radiation and convection
if air is relatively calm, air movement will flow up slopes, up canyons in the daytime then begin flowing down slope, down canyons at night. the average speed of up canyon, daytime winds is approximately ? mph and down canyon, nighttime flows average ? mph
10-15
5-8
the primary fuels that spread a brush fire are?
small diameter
dead fuels
which of the following is not a major component of the wildland fire environment
wind
the position of a slope is important because this influences the type and loading of fuels and their availability. ? slopes typically have the heaviest fuels, highest fuel moisture, lowest average temp., lowest rate of spread of fires and lowest fire starts.
north
the most constant of the three major components of the fire environment is?
topography
which slopes have more light, flashy fuels and receive the longest heat period because of their exposure to the sun?
south
west
stable air is recognized by?
poor visibility at low levels
fire spread is much faster when pushed by the wind. it is estimated that doubling the wind velocity will approximately ? the rate of fire spread
quadruple
both wind and slope tilt the flame over the unburned fuel and bring it to ignition temp sooner that if slope and wind were not present. slope is particularly important at ? wind speeds.
low
fires generate their own winds that modify local winds. avoid being caught between a large main fire and a smaller spot fire due to?
the smaller fire will be drawn towards the large fire
the most severe weather condition for brush fires in our area is a dry Foehn ( santa ana ) wind. which of the following characteristic describes conditions found during santa ana winds?
hazardous due to extreme dryness
most common during the months of september through april
santa anas usually last 2 to 3 days
santa anas are a fairly stable air situation
the manner in which fuel ignites, flames develop, and fire spreads best defines?
fire behavior
temperature is important because of the effect is has on?
humidity
air movement
preheating fuels
firefighters
the changes in local wind direction at a fire scene is of great importance to firefighters. if making an up hill attack on a fire in the evening, firefighters need to be cautious of?
the fire reversing direction and pushing back on firefighters
one of the most common indications of intense local heating and unstable air conditions is?
whirlwind
fuels can be classified in three basic categories that include all of the following?
grasses and weeds
coastal sage scrub
mixed chaparral
as a result of the tragic 1970 wildland fire season in southern california, the FIRESCOPE project was developed. the current acronym for FIRESCOPE is?
firefighting resources of California organized for potential emergencies
the wind speeds quoted on weather forecasts are wind speeds measured at ? feet above the surface of light fuels.
20
? is generally considered the most important influence on the flammability of fuels.
moisture content
structure protection would be an example of what type of brush firefighting strategy?
indirect attack
the first alarm brush response is based on what concept?
hit it hard and fast
an unfinished preliminary control line made as an emergency action to check the spread of fire and to establish control of the perimeter, best describes which type of suppression tool?
scratch line
the most severe weather condition for brush fires in our area is a dry Foehn wind, called a santa ana, which blows from the ?
North
a pre designated area where participating agencies will simultaneously dispatch a full assignment in the same area best describes?
initial action zone (IAZ)
mutual aid agreements should include provisions for all of the following?
standard operating procedures
inter departmental communications
command responsibilities for participating dept.
the dispatch policy of the LAFD states that, as per the MOP, the dept. will dispatch up to ? engine companies, in the form of Strike teams to major brush fire incidents when requests are received through major mutual aid agreements
30
agreements that specify certain resources are dispatched from one city to a pre designated area of another city best describes a ? agreement. normally, these agreements have a reciprocal that is mutually beneficial to participating agencies.
automatic aid agreement
when requesting LA county hand crews, the request should be for a group of not less than ? hand crews.
2
probationary crews are male inmates, under that age of 18 years, who wear ? as protective equipment
a mix of orange and yellow nomex with blue helmets
a wll constructed coldtrail, is half in and half out of the burn. authorities recommend a width of a coldtrail to be?
same height as the brush to twice the height
when pulling hose with helicopters, the following field operational guidelines should be utilized?
hose bed being utilize should be positioned facing the friction that the hose will be placed
a running line of approximately 50 feet should be pulled and the female coupling returned to the working area
the hose goes under the upper hose bed/tailboard bar
when a relay operation is needed at a brush fire and determining that the relay is just over 3/4 mile, how many triple apparatus is required?
9
when working on wildland fires and a report of spot fires is made, everyone must?
become extra alert
which of the following is not identified as a procedure taken during backfire operations?
clear along line and if practical throw cut brush into burn area
during a water shuttle operation, apparatus should be parked?
single file
when a company is assigned to protect a group of structures threatened by a brush fire, the exposure lay can be used. drops are limited due to?
amount of hose available
amount of fittings available
one of the most hazardous places to be in a brush fire is?
upslope above the fire
the two most important actions during entrapment are?
staying under the shelter and lying prone
when deciding on a direct attack or indirect attack or a combination of both, you are beginning to formulate a?
control plan
the ultimate objective is to contain the fire to given perimeter by establishing a fire control line around the fire. the method used to construct the line will vary depending on several factors which include?
size and location of the fire
what slopes typically have the greatest number of fires, whereas ? slopes have the heaviest fuels and highest fuel moisture.
south and west
north
as a rule of thumb, relative humidity ? with each ? degree decrease in temp, and is ? with each ? degree increase in temp within an air mass.
doubles
20
halved
20
the type of field complex that most of the brush fires occur from in the City of LA is?
coastal sage scrub
a fire that burns down from a ridge to a canyon may be affected in a variety of ways. chances of a canyon bottom blow up are fairly remote if the canyon being ? yards or more in width.
200 yards
the national fire danger rating system proves a correlation between what three variables?
burning index
flame length
fire intensity
most brush fires in the city occur in this type of fuel complex due to its high ration of dead material build up and the high concentration of volatile chemicals and resins?
coastal sage shrub
what is considered the most important influence of the flammability of fuels?
moisture content
the moisture content of dead fuel varies from ? to ?
2%
20%
the position of slope influences all of the following?
types of fuels
loading of fuels
availability of fuels
fire behavior is best defined as the manner in which?
fuels ingnite
flames develop
fire spreads
on hot days, brush can be heated to ? degrees, which is ? of the temp. needed for ignition
160
25 percent
the T card system is a dynamic manual system used to maintain resources status by assignment and location at an incident. T card resources identifiers for task forces are identified by?
each piece of apparatus
according to ICS map display symbology, which of the following is symbol accurately depicts the correct map legend for a helispot?
black circle with a H next to it
according to ICS map display symbology, which of the following symbols depicts a spot fire?
circle with an arrow attached to it
according to ICS map display symbology, which of teh following symbols depicts a branch?
[ ]
acccording to ICS map display symbology, which of the following symbols depicts a division?
( )
a disadvantage of a scratch line is?
longer fire line
more overhaul
personnel working directly in the heat and smoke
the authority for igniting a backfire and conduct backfiring operations is found in the?
LA municipal code
a well constructed coldtrail, is half in and half out of the burn. authorities recommend a width of a coldtrail to be?
same height as the brush to twice the height`
the primary fuels that spread a brush fire are?
small diameter, dead fuels
both wind and slope tilt the flame over the unburned fuel and bring it to ignition temp. sooner that if slope and wind were not present. slope is particularly important at ? wind speeds
low
fuels can be classified in three basic categories that include all of the following?
grasses and weeds
coastal safe scrub
mixed chaparral
as a result of the tragic 1970 wildland fire season in southern cali, the FIRESCOPE project was developed. the current acronym for FIRESCOPE is?
firefighting resources of California organized for potential emergencies
Resources checked in and assigned work tasks that an instant her best defined as?
Deployed
The position of a slope is important because this influences the type and loading of fuels and their availability. The slopes that typically have the heaviest fuels are?
North
All of the following actions should be taken to aid in protecting structures during a brush fire?
Remove lightweight curtains from Windows
Leave lights on in structure
Place combustible garden furniture and pads in garage or house
As the first on scene engine company commander at a 20 acre brush fire with a 15mph wind and dwelling exposures, your initial action will be to make a thorough size up and ?
Place your company under command of an acting captain
She making a size up at a brushfire, it is necessary to indicate how many acres are covered . An acre is an area of about how many square feet?
200 x200
The minimum action to be taken by your company when assigned to protect an immediate exposed structure should include?
Surveying the area and giving priority of protection
On a normal brush response, MFC will dispatch ? LAFD water dropping helicopters.
2
Upon returning to the city and remaining on duty from a Wildland incident, a member who has not had an ? Hour rest period in the last 24 hours shall be given ? Hours of rest at their place of assignment before engaging in response activities.
8
8
Structure defense FF in the wildland urban interface is inherently dangerous because it is associated with indirect FF. Structure defense should start with?
A determination of the exit strategy
