Bones: Lower Limb Flashcards
green highlighted posterior, proximal region
Intertrochanteric Crest
- posterior ridge from greater to lesser trochanter
femur
- proximal bone of leg, longest/largest in body, articulates above w/ acetabulum and below w/ tibia
know:
- head
- neck
- greater trochanter
- lesser trochanter
- medial condyle
- lateral condyle
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle
- line aspera
adductor tubercle
- an elevation on the medial epicondyle of the femur
big red part D
anterior surface of femur
1
Fovea for ligament of Head of Femur
B
Gluteal Tuberosity
- attachment for gluteus maximus
- often elongated proximally into roughened crest with tubercle known as “third trochanter”
greater trochanter
- muscle attachment
head of femur
Intercondylar Fossa of Femur
Posterior view of distal femur
Intercondylar Line
green circled structure
intertrochanteric line
- marks transition from neck to shaft
lateral condyle of femur
lateral epicondyle of femur
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
- posterior ridge for muscle attachment
- splits proximally into its medial and lateral lips
- extends distally into the medial and lateral supracondylar lines
medial condyle of femur
- on medial side of articular notch at distal end
medial epicondyle of femur
neck of femur
patellar surface
feature marked by red box
Pectineal Line
- distal coninuation of lesser trochanter
- attachment for pectineus muscle
from where (what bone marking) does this tendon originate?
popliteal groove of femur
- groove that separates lateral condyle and epicondyle
Popliteal Surface of Femur
- the “kneepit”
Quadrate Tubercle of Femur
- between trochanters on posterior side
- attachment for quadratus femoris
shaft of femur
A
Supracondylar Lines of Femur
- one medial, one lateral
- join proximally to form linea aspera
trochanteric fossa
What is the bone?
What are its surfaces and borders to know?
fibula
- lateral bone of lower leg
- thinnest bone proportional to length
Lateral and Medial Surfaces, separated by anterior border** (somewhat more lateral and flatter) and **interosseous border (more medial ridge-like border for connection of interosseous membrane).
tiny blue highlighted portion at very superior tip of the lateral bone
apex of fibula
3
Articular Facet of Lateral Malleolus
10
Fossa of Lateral Malleolus
- talo- and tibiofibular ligaments attach here
head of fibula
- proximal end of fibula
number 5
lateral malleolus
- lateral prominence of ankle
blue portion
neck of fibula
What line do the two small arrows indicate?
Chopart’s Line
- a common amputation line between the talus/calcaneus and the rest of the tarsals
What line does the red indicate?
Lisfranc’s Line
- an important amputation line between the tarsals and meta-tarsals
A, M and P
Anterior, Middle and Posterior Talar Articular Surfaces of the Calcaneus
- all face superiorly and articulate with talus
Calcaneal Tuberosity
- faces posteriorly and is the bony portion of the heel
25
cuboid bone
- articulates w/ “pinky and ring” metatarsals IV and V
9
position of cuneonavicular joint
the anterior portion of the bone indicated by the arrow, which contains articular surfaces for the navicular tarsal
head of talus
8
intermediate cuniform bone
articulates with metatarsal II
23
lateral cuniform bone
articulates w/ metatarsal III
29
lateral malleolar surface of the talus
7
medial cuneiform bone
- articulates with metatarsal I
10
navicular bone
green area
neck of talus
phalanges of foot
- 14 each foot (2 for big toe, 3 for others), 28 total
- distal, middle, and proximal
15
its overall name and its parts
posterior talar process
- has medial and lateral tubercles and a groove for the tendon of flexor hallucis longus
C
Sustentaculum Tali of Calcaneus
- anterosuperior eminence on medial side of calcaneus
What is the space between these bones, circled here in red?
tarsal sinus
What are all these bones individually? And what do they make up as a whole?
tarsals (7 each ankle, 14 total)
- make up the tarsus
calcaneus
- largest tarsal, contains the “heel”
metatarsals
- numbered I through V, most medial is I
talus
- smaller than calcaneus
What tarsal articular surface do these arrows indicate the complex nature of?
Trochlea of Talus
24
tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
patella
- thick flat triangular “kneecap”
- increases quadriceps leverage
know:
- base
- apex
- articular facets
1
apex of patella
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
4
base of patella
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
3
facet for articulation with lateral femoral condyle
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
2
facet for articulation with medial femoral condyle
(view is POSTERIOR and INVERTED, RIGHT patella. base is proximal and apex is distal)
18
Acetabular Fossa
19/Red Arrow
Right Hip Bone
Acetabular Notch
acetabulum
- socket for articulation with head of femur
- formed by meeting of lateral faces of ilium, ischium and pubis
red arrow
anterior superior iliac spine
11
lateral aspect right hip bone
anterior gluteal line
anterior inferior iliac spine
24
medial aspect right hip bone
arcuate line of pelvis
auricular surface
13
lateral aspect right hip bone
external lip of iliac crest
general reference inferior portion
right hip bone lateral aspect
B = ischium
C = pubis
1 Posterior superior iliac spine
2 Posterior gluteal line
3 Posterior inferior iliac spine
4 Greater sciatic notch
5 Ischial spine
6 Lesser sciatic notch
7 Body of ischium
8 Ischial tuberosity
9 Obturator foramen
15 Inferior gluteal line
16 Anterior inferior iliac spine
17 Lunate surface of acetabulum
18 Acetabular fossa
19 Acetabular notch
20 Pecten pubis
21 Pubic tubercle
22 Body of pubis
general reference superior portion
lateral view right hip bone
A = ilium
1 Posterior superior iliac spine
2 Posterior gluteal line
3 Posterior inferior iliac spine
4 Greater sciatic notch
10 Iliac crest
11 Anterior gluteal line
12 Internal lip of iliac crest
13 External lip of iliac crest
14 Anterior superior iliac spine
15 Inferior gluteal line
16 Anterior inferior iliac spine
17 Lunate surface of acetabulum
18 Acetabular fossa
greater sciatic notch
the whole ridge along the top of the pelvis
iliac crest
iliac fossa
25
medial aspect right pelvis
iliopubic eminence
Ilium
- dorsal superior section of os coxa
inferior ramus of pubis
- forms medial, inferior portion of obturator foramen
15
lateral aspect right hip bone
inferior gluteal line
12
medial view right hipbone
internal lip of iliac crest
(lateral view)
ischial spine
- bony process just below greater sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
grey part #3
ischium
- dorsal posterior portion of os coxa
lesser sciatic notch
17
Lunate Surface (of acetabulum)
opening indicated by small pointer at bottom of picture
obturator foramen
- large foramen btwn ischium and pubis
34
obturator groove
20
pecten pubis
AKA pectinate line
posterior inferior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine
part E
pubic symphysis
- fibrocartilagenous joint between left and right superior pubic rami
21
pubic tubercle
pubis
- ventral, inferior portion of os coxa
ramus of ischium
superior ramus of pubis
- forms anterosuperior aspect of obturator foramen
26
symphysial surface of pubis
what should the angle of the pelvis be, between plane of pelvic inlet and the horizontal plane?
also called PELVIC INCLINATION
should be ~60 degrees
(horizontal plane begins where plane of pelvic inlet ends at junction between Lumbar and Sacral Spine)
10
Body of the Ilium
14
Body of Ischium
14
What is the area?
Body of Pubis
What is this area of the ilium?
Gluteal Surface
green area
Limbus (or Margin) of Acetabulum
male vs. female pelvis
Male
- < 90 degree pubic angle
- large oval obturator foramen
- vertical coccyx
- larger, ateriorly directed acetabulum
Female
- usually >100 degree pubic angle
- small triangular obturator foramen
- posteriorly tilted coccyx
- smaller, laterally directed acetabulum
3
Posterior Gluteal Line
What is the small blue highlighted feature at the anterior of these two bones?
Pubic Crest
- extends from pubic tubercle to medial border of pelvic bone
this is the area above the pelvis’ articular feature for the head of the femur
what is it called?
supra acetabular fossa
What is this circular delineation? What does it separate?
And what features make it up?
Terminal Line of Pelvis
- separates the Greater Pelvis from the Lesser Pelvis
- in a clockwise motion, it starts posteriorly at the Sacral Promontory, then Arcuate Line of left pelvic bone, Iliopubic Eminence, Pectinate Line, and Pubic Symphysis. It continues up the same features on the right pelvic bone and back to the sacrum.
Wing (or Ala) of Ilium
5
Soleal Line of Tibea
- diagonal line on posterior, proximal shaft of tibia
- attachment for soleus (and others)
tibia
- larger of two distal lower limb bones
- articulates above with femur, below with talus
know:
- medial condyle
- lateral condyle
- tibial tuberosity
- medial malleolus
superior view of tibia
what is part A?
Anterior Intercondylar Area of Tibia
- know it’s anterior because tibial tuberosity (bump seen on top of bone here) is anterior
8
Anterior Border of Tibia
- prominent anterior ridge that separates lateral/medial surfaces
right branch of pointer #8
Articular Facet of Medial Malleolus
What other borders/surfaces of the tibia should be known? How can you identify them?
**Medial Surface - **lies on anterior side of bone, medial to anterior border
**Medial Border - **edge of bone distal to medial epicondyle, separating anterior and posterior sides
**Interosseous Border - **edge of bone distal to lateral epicondyle, facing towards fibula, separating anterior and posterior sides
Area marked light blue
Fibular Notch of Tibia
area marked by green dot
Gerdy’s Tubercle
- lateral insertion of IT tract
this is the bone which contains the medial malleolus
what is the red marked area?
Groove for Tibialis Posterior
(and Flexor Digitorum Longus)
…so it’s the tibia!
left branch of pointer #8
Inferior Articular Surface of Tibia
What is the structure and what are its two parts?
Intercondylar Eminence of Tibia
- made up of medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle
lateral condyle of tibia
9
lateral surface of tibia
medial condyle of tibia
number 1
medial malleolus of tibia
- bony prominence on inside of ankle
diagonal ridge between 1 and 2
oblique line of tibia
superior view of tibia, note location of tibial tuberosity
what is part C?
Posterior Intercondylar Area of Tibia
- determine it’s posterior based on location of tuberosity (anterior)
Area marked light blue
Overall name and separate parts
Superior Articular Surfaces of Tibia
Medial and Lateral Facets
(determine which is which via medial malleolus, or fibula if present)
tibial tuberosity
