Bones and skeleton shit Flashcards
Trabeculae
Small supporting beam in spongy bone tissue
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage is the most abundant
Hyaline
What gives bone tissue it’s hardness
Calcium salts
What are the cavities in bone tissue for (2)
Fat storage and blood cell synthesis
What are the four stages of creating a bone cell
osteoprogenitor cell
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
What is the dense outer layer of bone
Compact bone
What is the name for spongy bone
Trabecular bone
What is the periosteum
Membrane that covers the outer layer of bone
What does the periosteum consist of (2)
outer fibrous layer
inner osteogenic layer
What is the fibrous layer of the periosteum made of
dense irregular connective tissue
What is the osteogenic layer of the periosteum made of
osteoblasts
What is the endosteum
membrane that covers trabeculae and lines canals
What does the axial skeleton consist of
Head and torso
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of
Limbs
How are bones classified
By their shape
What are the 4 types of bone classification
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
What is the bone resorbing cell
Osteoclast
What cell is responsible for bone growth
Osteoblast
What is the name for the shaft of long bones
Diaphysis
What part of a long bone has a marrow cavity
Diaphysis
Whats the name for the ends of a long bone
Epiphysis
What is the interior of epiphyses filled with
Spongy bone
Epiphyses have a thin layer of what on outer surface
Hyaline cartilage
Whats another word for compact bone
Lamellar bone
What is the haversian system
Osteons
What is the structural unit of compact bone
Osteons
Describe the shape of an osteon
Long cylinder
Several rings of bone matrix
What are lamella
Rings of bone matrix
Why do collagen fibers run in different directions in osteons
Increase strength
What is an articular surface
Joint
What does lamellar bone consist of (3)
Osteon
canals/canaliculi
interstitial and circumferential lamellae
What canal is a passageway for blood vessels
Central canal
Whats the role of perforating canals
Connects central canals
Does spongy bone have osteons
No
What kind of bone has osteons
Lamellar bone
whats the name for small cavities within bony matrix
Lacunae
what are the canals that connect lacunae
canaliculi
what fills gaps between forming osteons
interstitial lamellae
sheets of bone deep to periosteum
Circumferential lamellae
What are the four steps of repairing a fracture
Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus forms
bone remodeling occurs
in what step of fracture repairs do macrophages come to clean up the area
when fibrocartilaginous callus forms
when do osteoclasts resorb damaged bone
during the formation of fibrocartilaginous callus
what 3 cells lay down collagen fibers and tissue during fracture repair
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts
What happens when a hematoma forms
local bone cells lose oxygen and die
What occurs when bony callus forms in fracture repair
cartilage is converted to trabecular bone
what is osteoporosis
when the bones become porous
How does estrogen affect osteoporosis (2)
Restrains osteoclast activity
Promotes deposition of new bone
What happens if osteoclasts are too active
Bone becomes porous
What is the epiphyseal line a remnant of
growth plate
Where will you find the epiphyseal line
Between diaphysis and epiphysis
Where can you find a marrow cavity excluding long bones
nowhere ;)
What are the four zones of interstitial growth
Proliferation zone
Hypertrophic zone
Calcification zone
Ossification zone
In what zone of interstitial growth do cartilage cells undergo mitosis
proliferation zone
What happens at the hypertrophic zone
old cartilage cells enlarge
What signifies the end of longitudinal growth
When the epiphyseal plates close
What is the name for bones getting thicker
Appositional growth
What bone cell deposits new bone
Osteoblasts
What two things happen during appositional growth
Osteoblasts lay down bone
Osteoclasts resorbs inner bone
Where are the 4 zones for interstitial growth located
At the epiphyseal plates
What model is the basis for endocronal ossification
Hyaline cartilage model
In short bones, what do they have instead of secondary ossification centers
Nothing, they only have a primary
Do irregular bones have secondary ossification centers
Not necessarily, they just have a bunch of centers
What glands release parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid glands
Whats the function of parathyroid hormones
Tell osteoclasts to resorb bone, and deposit that calcium into the bloodstream
What does parathyroid hormones control
Calcium homeostasis
