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ANP 1106 > Auditory > Flashcards

Auditory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three bones of the ear

A

malleus
Incus
stapes

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2
Q

is the eardrum a part of the inner or outer ear

A

outer ear

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3
Q

what is the function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

A

to dampen the intensity of sound

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4
Q

what are the two muscles that dampen the intensity of sound

A

tensor tympani muscle
stapedius muscle

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5
Q

where is the oval window in the ear

A

deep to the stapes

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6
Q

what is the other word for the pinna

A

auricle

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7
Q

what is the other name for the eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

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8
Q

what do you call the bones in the ear

A

ossicles

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9
Q

what is the membranous sacs in the ear filled with

A

endolymph

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10
Q

the fluid inside the membranous sacs of the ear is rich in what

A

potassium

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11
Q

what are the two structures in the vestibule

A

utricle
saccule

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12
Q

what is the function of the utricle and saccule

A

encode the orientation of the head relative to the axis of the body

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13
Q

what part of the vestibular system specifically are the utricle and saccule in

A

the static vestibular system

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14
Q

how many semicircular canals are there in the inner ear

A

3

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15
Q

what is the role of the semicircular canals

A

encode movement for all the planes of the head

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16
Q

name of equilibrium receptors in utricle/saccule

A

maculae

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17
Q

what is the vestibule

A

egg shaped cavity in the inner ear

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18
Q

what is the name of the swollen end of each semicircular canal

A

the ampulla

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19
Q

what type of receptors does the ampulla house

A

equilibrium receptors

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20
Q

what is the cristae ampullaris

A

a region in the ampulla that houses equilibrium receptors

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21
Q

what receptors respond to angular movements of the head

A

the equilibrium receptors in the ampulla

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22
Q

name of the spiral bony structure in the ear

A

cochlea

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23
Q

what is the organ inside the cochlea

A

the corti

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24
Q

what is the corti

A

the hearing receptor

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25
Q

bony pillar that the cochlea coils around

A

modiolus

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26
Q

what cochlear chamber contains receptors that transduce sound info into electrochemical signals

A

scala media

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27
Q

what are the three chambers of the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli
scala media
scala tympani

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28
Q

where does the scala tympani terminate

A

the round window

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29
Q

what is the fluid in the scala tympani and vestibuli

A

perilymph

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30
Q

what is the fluid in the scala media

A

endolymph

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31
Q

what is another name for the scala media

A

cochlear duct

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32
Q

what is the importance of continuity of fluid through the cochlea

A

allows vibrations to be passed through

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33
Q

what is perilymph rich in

A

sodium chloride or something lol

34
Q

vibrations in which membrane carry sound into the corti

A

basilar membrane (floor of scala media)

35
Q

in what order does sound reach the three canals in the cochlea

A

scala vestibuli, then tympani and then the cochlear duct

36
Q

sound is composed of areas of (2)

A

rarefraction
compression

37
Q

sound is represented by what type of wave

A

a sine wave (think sound, sine)

38
Q

what property of sound is measure in decibels

A

amplitude

39
Q

what is the name for the subjective interpretation of sound intensity

A

loudness

40
Q

what is the name for the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time

A

frequency

41
Q

what is the perception of different frequencies

A

pitch

42
Q

what is another way of describing a hertz

A

cycle per second

43
Q

what is another name for the ear canal

A

external acoustic meatus

44
Q

what are the receptive cells in the ear

A

hair cells

45
Q

what stimulates the cochlear nerve

A

moving hair cells

46
Q

what sends impulses to the brain

A

cochlear nerve

47
Q

why do different frequencies vibrate the basilar membrane in different places

A

because at the base it has short stiff fibers, but it has long floppy fibers at the end that dont require as much force to move

48
Q

sounds with frequencies below hearing levels go around the ________ and do not excite hair cells

A

helicotrema

49
Q

sounds in the hearing range go through the ________

A

cochlear duct

50
Q

what is another name for the helicotrema

A

the apex

51
Q

what is the apex also known as

A

the helicotrema

52
Q

vibration goes in the _____ window and ends at the _____ window

A

oval; round

53
Q

what is another name for the hair cells

A

the stereocilia

54
Q

in the corti, afferent fibers of the cochlear nerve attach to

A

the base of hair cells

55
Q

what are stereocilia

A

hair cells

56
Q

what membrane do the stereocilia touch

A

the tectorial membrane

57
Q

what channels open when cilia bends

A

mechanically gated calcium and potassium

58
Q

when cilia is bent, what is caused (2)

A

a graded potential and the release of a neurotransmitter

59
Q

what does the released neurotransmitter do

A

causes cochlear fibers to transmit impulses to the brain

60
Q

what is the difference between the inner and outer hair cells

A

inner hair cells are sensory
outer hair cells improve hearing sensitivity

61
Q

hair cells have numerous ____

A

hairs lol

62
Q

what are the hair cells linked together by

A

tip links

63
Q

what is the typical neurotransmitter released when a graded potential occurss

A

glutamate

64
Q

what specifically opens the mechanically gated ion channels

A

when inner hair cells bend, the tension on the tip links opens the channels

65
Q

where is pitch perceived

A

primary auditory cortex

66
Q

where is loudness perceived

A

cochlear cells/ number of cells stimulated

67
Q

localization is perceived by

A

the superior olivary nuclei

68
Q

where are the two maculae

A

one in the utricle
one in the saccule

69
Q

what moves the hair bundles in the vestibular system

A

gravity acting on the otolithic membrane

70
Q

utricular hairs respond to ________ movement

A

horizontal

71
Q

saccular hairs respond to _______ movement

A

vertical

72
Q

vestibular receptors monitor _______ equilibrium

A

static

73
Q

semicircular canal receptors monitor ___________ equilibrium

A

dynamic

74
Q

where is the otolithic membrane located

A

in the maculae

75
Q

otoliths are composed of

A

calcium carbonate

76
Q

action potentials in the vestibular nerve _______ when movement is towards kinocilia

A

increase

77
Q

action potentials in the vestibular nerve _______ when movement is away form kinocilia

A

decrease

78
Q

what happens when hairs in the maculae bend towards the kinocilium

A

the hair cells depolarize

79
Q

what happens when hairs in the maculae bend away from the kinocilium

A

the hair cells hyperpolarize

80
Q

the crista ampullaris responds to ______ movements

A

angular

81
Q

where are crista located

A

in the ampulla of semicircular canals

82
Q

what are the three modes of input for balance and orientation

A

vestibular receptors
visual receptors
somatic receptors

ANP 1106 (13 decks)

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