Bones and Joints of the Lower Extremity

Question 1

List the bones of the lower extremity

Answer 1

femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
calcaneous
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms
metatarsals
phalanges

Question 2

What type of bone is the patella?

Answer 2

sesamoid bone

Question 3

What are the facets of the patella?

Answer 3

lateral
medial
odd

Question 4

What are the superior articular surfaces of the tibia?

Answer 4

medial and lateral tibial plateau

Question 5

Where is Gerdy’s tubercle?

Answer 5

on the tibia, distal to lateral condyle, medial to fibular head (insertion of IT band)

Question 6

What are the 3 surfaces of the shaft of the tibia?

Answer 6

medial, lateral, posterior

Question 7

What are the articular facets of the tibia?

Answer 7

malleolar
inferior

Question 8

What are the tuberosities of the calcaneous?

Answer 8

medial (weight bearing)
lateral

Question 9

What are the 3 cuneiform bones?

Answer 9

medial
middle
lateral

Question 10

What are the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 10

posterior patella
patellar surface of distal femur

Question 11

What type of joint is the patellofemoral?

Answer 11

nonaxial modified plane synovial joint

Question 12

Movements are permitted by the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 12

gliding

Question 13

What are the ligaments of the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 13

capsule
patellar tendon/ligament
patellar retinaculum

Question 14

Where does the patellar ligament attach and what does it do?

Answer 14

attaches between patellar apex to tibial tuberosity
transfers force from quadriceps to enable knee extension

Question 15

Where is the patellar retinaculum and what does it do?

Answer 15

aponeurotic extensions of vastus medialis and lateralis and overlying fascia
strengthens the capsule and supports the patellofemoral joint

Question 16

What is the blood supply to the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 16

anastomosis of genicular branches of femoral, popliteal and anterior tibial arteries

Question 17

What nerves innervate the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 17

branches of obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves

Question 18

What joint is considered the knee joint proper?

Answer 18

the tibiofemoral joint

Question 19

What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoal joint?

Answer 19

medial and lateral tibial plateaus
medial and lateral femoral condyles

Question 20

What is the classification of the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 20

uniaxial modified hinge synovial joint

Question 21

What are the movements permitted by the tibiofemoral joint? In what plane and axis?

Answer 21

flex-ex: medial lateral axis and sagittal plane
medial lateral rotation: mechanical axis

Question 22

What are the ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 22

capsule (shared with patellofemoral joint)
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament
coronary ligament
patellimeniscal ligament
transverse ligament
meniscofemoral ligament

Question 23

What does the MCL limit?

Answer 23

limits valgus stress, extension and lateral rotation

Question 24

What does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee limit?

Answer 24

checks varus stress, extension and lateral rotation

Question 25

What does the ACL limit?

Answer 25

prevents tibia from moving anterior on femur and limits hyperextension

Question 26

What does the PCL limit?

Answer 26

prevents tibia from moving posterior on femur, limits hyperflexion and hyperextension and is the primary stabilizer at 90 degrees of knee flexion

Question 27

What does the oblique popliteal ligament limit?

Answer 27

limits extension and valgus on an extended knee

Question 28

What does the arcuate popliteal lig. limit?

Answer 28

limits extension and varus on an extended knee

Question 29

What does the coronary lig limit?

Answer 29

holds minisci to tibial plateaus

Question 30

What does the patellomeniscal lig limit?

Answer 30

hold menisci to posterior patella

Question 31

What does the transverse lig. do?

Answer 31

holds the 2 menisci together

Question 32

What does the meniscofemoral lig. do?

Answer 32

secures lateral meniscus to PCL and medial femoral condyle

Question 33

What 4 bursae of the knee communicate with the synovial cavity?

Answer 33

suprapattelar popliteus anserine gastrocnemius

Question 34

What 4 bursae of the knee are distinct from the joint space?

Answer 34

semimembranous subcutaneous prepatellar subcutaneous deep infrapatellar

Question 35

What is the blood supply to the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 35

(same as patellofemoral) anastomosis of genicular branches of femoral, popliteal and anterior tibial arteries

Question 36

Which meniscus is "O" shaped?

Answer 36

the lateral meniscus

Question 37

Which meniscus is more commonly injured?

Answer 37

the medial meniscus

Question 38

What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofibular jt?

Answer 38

medial aspect of fibular head lateral tibial condyle

Question 39

What is the classification of the proximal tobiofibular jt?

Answer 39

nonaxial plane synovial

Question 40

What are the movements permitted in the proximal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 40

small gliding motion with ankle movements. Limited ROM

Question 41

What are the ligaments of the proximal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 41

capsule ligament of fibular head

Question 42

What does the ligament of fibular head in the proximal tibiofibular jt limit?

Answer 42

anterior/posterior translation of the fibular head

Question 43

What is the blood supply of the proximal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 43

inferior lateral genicular and anterior tibial recurrent arteries

Question 44

What nerve innervates the proximal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 44

common fibular and popliteal nerves

Question 45

What are the articulating surfaces of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?

Answer 45

adjacent interosseous borders of tib/fib

Question 46

What is the classification of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?

Answer 46

fibrous syndesmosis, functionally amphiarthroidial

Question 47

What are the movements permitted by the intermediate tibiofibular jt?

Answer 47

minimum vertical fibula translation with ankle movements

Question 48

What are the ligaments of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?

Answer 48

the interosseous membrane (two hiatuses at the proximal and distal ends for arteries to pass)

Question 49

What are the articulating surfaces of the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 49

medial aspect of distal fibula lateral aspect of the distal tibia

Question 50

What is the joint classification of the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 50

fibrous syndesmosis jt, amphiarthroidial

Question 51

What are the movements permitted by the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 51

minimal amount of jt separation (1-2 mm) is possible with ankle dorsiflexion

Question 52

What are the ligaments of the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 52

tibiofibular ligament tibiofibular/crural interosseous ligament

Question 53

What does the tibiofibular ligament limit?

Answer 53

anterior and posterior translation of talus at TC jt during plantar flexion and dorsiflexion respectively

Question 54

What does the tibiofibular/crural interosseous ligament limit?

Answer 54

distraction of the distal fibula from tibia

Question 55

What is the blood suppply to the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 55

perforating fibular artery and malleolar branches of anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 56

What is the innervation of the distal tibiofibular jt?

Answer 56

tibial deep fibular saphenous nerves

Question 57

What are the retinacula of the talocrural joint?

Answer 57

Superior extensor retinaculum Inferior extensor retinacullum Superior and inferior fibular peroneal retinacula Flexor Retinaculum

Question 58

What are the articulating surfaces of the talocrural joint?

Answer 58

mortise= malleolar and inferior articular facets of the tibia, malledar articular facet of fibula and deepest most inferior fibres of the posterior band of the tibiofibular ligament. trochlea of the talus

Question 59

What is the classification of the talecrural joint?

Answer 59

uniaxial hinge synovial joint

Question 60

What movements in what plane and axis are permitted by the tatocrural joint?

Answer 60

dorsiflexion - plantarflexion axis: medial lateral plane : sagittal

Question 61

What are the ligaments of the talocrural joint?

Answer 61

capsule medial collateral/deltoid ligament (4 bands) lateral collateral (3 bands) ankle retinacula

Question 62

What does the medial collateral/deltoid ligament limit?

Answer 62

limits eversion

Question 63

What does the lateral collateral ligament limit?

Answer 63

all limit inversion, selective limitation of dorsi and plantar flexion

Question 64

Which band of the lateral collateral ligament is injured most often in ankle sprains?

Answer 64

The anterior talofibular ligament (second is calcaneofibular)

Question 65

What are the bursae of the talocrural joint?

Answer 65

medial and lateral malleolar subcutaneous subcutaneous and subtendonous calcaneal

Question 66

What is the blood supply to the tabocrural joint?

Answer 66

malleolar branches of fibular and anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 67

What nerves innervate the talocrural joint?

Answer 67

tibial and deep fibular nerves

Question 68

What are the articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint?

Answer 68

concave posterior calcaneal articular facet of talus convex posterior talar articular surface of calcaneus

Question 69

What is the classification of the subtalar joint?

Answer 69

uniaxial plane synovial joint

Question 70

What are the movements of the subtalar joint?

Answer 70

pronation - supination / eversion - inversion (combination motions)

Question 71

What are the ligaments of the subtalar joint?

Answer 71

capsule talocalcaneal ligament interosseous talocaneal ligament

Question 72

what is the blood supply to the subtalar joint?

Answer 72

posterior tibial and fibular arteries

Question 73

What nerves innervate the subtalar joint?

Answer 73

plantar and deep fibular nerve