Bones and Joints of the Lower Extremity Flashcards
List the bones of the lower extremity
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
talus
calcaneous
navicular
cuboid
cuneiforms
metatarsals
phalanges
What type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid bone
What are the facets of the patella?
lateral
medial
odd
What are the superior articular surfaces of the tibia?
medial and lateral tibial plateau
Where is Gerdy’s tubercle?
on the tibia, distal to lateral condyle, medial to fibular head (insertion of IT band)
What are the 3 surfaces of the shaft of the tibia?
medial, lateral, posterior
What are the articular facets of the tibia?
malleolar
inferior
What are the tuberosities of the calcaneous?
medial (weight bearing)
lateral
What are the 3 cuneiform bones?
medial
middle
lateral
What are the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral joint?
posterior patella
patellar surface of distal femur
What type of joint is the patellofemoral?
nonaxial modified plane synovial joint
Movements are permitted by the patellofemoral joint?
gliding
What are the ligaments of the patellofemoral joint?
capsule
patellar tendon/ligament
patellar retinaculum
Where does the patellar ligament attach and what does it do?
attaches between patellar apex to tibial tuberosity
transfers force from quadriceps to enable knee extension
Where is the patellar retinaculum and what does it do?
aponeurotic extensions of vastus medialis and lateralis and overlying fascia
strengthens the capsule and supports the patellofemoral joint
What is the blood supply to the patellofemoral joint?
anastomosis of genicular branches of femoral, popliteal and anterior tibial arteries
What nerves innervate the patellofemoral joint?
branches of obturator, femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves
What joint is considered the knee joint proper?
the tibiofemoral joint
What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofemoal joint?
medial and lateral tibial plateaus
medial and lateral femoral condyles
What is the classification of the tibiofemoral joint?
uniaxial modified hinge synovial joint
What are the movements permitted by the tibiofemoral joint? In what plane and axis?
flex-ex: medial lateral axis and sagittal plane
medial lateral rotation: mechanical axis
What are the ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?
capsule (shared with patellofemoral joint)
medial collateral ligament (MCL)
lateral collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
oblique popliteal ligament
arcuate popliteal ligament
coronary ligament
patellimeniscal ligament
transverse ligament
meniscofemoral ligament
What does the MCL limit?
limits valgus stress, extension and lateral rotation
What does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee limit?
checks varus stress, extension and lateral rotation
What does the ACL limit?
prevents tibia from moving anterior on femur and limits hyperextension
What does the PCL limit?
prevents tibia from moving posterior on femur, limits hyperflexion and hyperextension and is the primary stabilizer at 90 degrees of knee flexion
What does the oblique popliteal ligament limit?
limits extension and valgus on an extended knee
What does the arcuate popliteal lig. limit?
limits extension and varus on an extended knee
What does the coronary lig limit?
holds minisci to tibial plateaus
What does the patellomeniscal lig limit?
hold menisci to posterior patella
What does the transverse lig. do?
holds the 2 menisci together
What does the meniscofemoral lig. do?
secures lateral meniscus to PCL and medial femoral condyle
What 4 bursae of the knee communicate with the synovial cavity?
suprapattelar
popliteus
anserine
gastrocnemius
What 4 bursae of the knee are distinct from the joint space?
semimembranous
subcutaneous prepatellar
subcutaneous
deep infrapatellar
What is the blood supply to the tibiofemoral joint?
(same as patellofemoral)
anastomosis of genicular branches of femoral, popliteal and anterior tibial arteries
Which meniscus is “O” shaped?
the lateral meniscus
Which meniscus is more commonly injured?
the medial meniscus
What are the articulating surfaces of the tibiofibular jt?
medial aspect of fibular head
lateral tibial condyle
What is the classification of the proximal tobiofibular jt?
nonaxial plane synovial
What are the movements permitted in the proximal tibiofibular jt?
small gliding motion with ankle movements. Limited ROM
What are the ligaments of the proximal tibiofibular jt?
capsule
ligament of fibular head
What does the ligament of fibular head in the proximal tibiofibular jt limit?
anterior/posterior translation of the fibular head
What is the blood supply of the proximal tibiofibular jt?
inferior lateral genicular and anterior tibial recurrent arteries
What nerve innervates the proximal tibiofibular jt?
common fibular and popliteal nerves
What are the articulating surfaces of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?
adjacent interosseous borders of tib/fib
What is the classification of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?
fibrous syndesmosis, functionally amphiarthroidial
What are the movements permitted by the intermediate tibiofibular jt?
minimum vertical fibula translation with ankle movements
What are the ligaments of the intermediate tibiofibular jt?
the interosseous membrane
(two hiatuses at the proximal and distal ends for arteries to pass)
What are the articulating surfaces of the distal tibiofibular jt?
medial aspect of distal fibula
lateral aspect of the distal tibia
What is the joint classification of the distal tibiofibular jt?
fibrous syndesmosis jt, amphiarthroidial
What are the movements permitted by the distal tibiofibular jt?
minimal amount of jt separation (1-2 mm) is possible with ankle dorsiflexion
What are the ligaments of the distal tibiofibular jt?
tibiofibular ligament
tibiofibular/crural interosseous ligament
What does the tibiofibular ligament limit?
anterior and posterior translation of talus at TC jt during plantar flexion and dorsiflexion respectively
What does the tibiofibular/crural interosseous ligament limit?
distraction of the distal fibula from tibia
What is the blood suppply to the distal tibiofibular jt?
perforating fibular artery and malleolar branches of anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What is the innervation of the distal tibiofibular jt?
tibial
deep fibular
saphenous nerves
What are the retinacula of the talocrural joint?
Superior extensor retinaculum
Inferior extensor retinacullum
Superior and inferior fibular peroneal retinacula
Flexor Retinaculum
What are the articulating surfaces of the talocrural joint?
mortise= malleolar and inferior articular facets of the tibia, malledar articular facet of fibula and deepest most inferior fibres of the posterior band of the tibiofibular ligament.
trochlea of the talus
What is the classification of the talecrural joint?
uniaxial hinge synovial joint
What movements in what plane and axis are permitted by the tatocrural joint?
dorsiflexion - plantarflexion
axis: medial lateral
plane : sagittal
What are the ligaments of the talocrural joint?
capsule
medial collateral/deltoid ligament (4 bands)
lateral collateral (3 bands)
ankle retinacula
What does the medial collateral/deltoid ligament limit?
limits eversion
What does the lateral collateral ligament limit?
all limit inversion, selective limitation of dorsi and plantar flexion
Which band of the lateral collateral ligament is injured most often in ankle sprains?
The anterior talofibular ligament
(second is calcaneofibular)
What are the bursae of the talocrural joint?
medial and lateral malleolar subcutaneous
subcutaneous and subtendonous calcaneal
What is the blood supply to the tabocrural joint?
malleolar branches of fibular and anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What nerves innervate the talocrural joint?
tibial and deep fibular nerves
What are the articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint?
concave posterior calcaneal articular facet of talus
convex posterior talar articular surface of calcaneus
What is the classification of the subtalar joint?
uniaxial plane synovial joint
What are the movements of the subtalar joint?
pronation - supination / eversion - inversion (combination motions)
What are the ligaments of the subtalar joint?
capsule
talocalcaneal ligament
interosseous talocaneal ligament
what is the blood supply to the subtalar joint?
posterior tibial and fibular arteries
What nerves innervate the subtalar joint?
plantar and deep fibular nerve
