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Musculoskeletal > Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours > Flashcards

Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour arising from connective tissues

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2
Q

What are some benign bone-forming tumours?

A

Osteoid osteoma

Osteoblastoma

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3
Q

What are some malignant bone-forming tumours?

A

Osteosarcoma

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4
Q

What are some benign cartilage-forming tumours?

A

Enchondroma

Osteochondroma

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5
Q

What are some malignant cartilage-forming tumours?

A

Chondrosarcoma

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6
Q

What are some benign fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibroma

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7
Q

What are some malignant fibrous tissue tumours?

A

Fibrosarcoma

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH)

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8
Q

What are some benign vascular tissue tumours?

A

Haemangioma

Aneurysmal bone cyst

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9
Q

What are some malignant vascular tissue tumours?

A

Angiosarcoma

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10
Q

What are some adipose tissue tumours?

A

Lipoma

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11
Q

What are some malignant tissue tumours?

A

Liposarcoma

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12
Q

What are some malignant marrow tissue tumours?

A

Ewing’s sarcoma
Lymphoma
Myeloma

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13
Q

What symptoms and signs of bone tumours may present on history taking?

A

Pain, progressive at rest and night

Mass

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14
Q

What should an examination for bone tumours involve or look for?

A 
Measurement of mass 
Location
Shape 
Consistency 
Mobility 
Tenderness 
Local temperature 
Neuro-vascualr deficits
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15
Q

What investigations should be used for bone tumours?

A 
X rays 
CT 
MRI 
Isotope bone scan 
Angiography 
PET scan 
Biopsy
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16
Q

What would you expect to see on an inactive x ray?

A

Clear margins

Surrounding rim of reactive bone

17
Q

What would you expect to see on the x ray of an aggressive tumour?

A

Less well defined zone of transition between lesion and normal bone (permeative growth)
Cortical destruction
Codman’s triangle, onion-skinning or sunburst pattern

18
Q

What can a CT scan be used to assess in bone tumours?

A

Assessing ossification and calcification
Integrity of cortex
Staging

19
Q

What can an isotope bone scan be used to assess in bone tumours?

A

Staging for skeletal metastasis

Multiple lesions

20
Q

What are the cardinal features of malignant primary bone tumours?

A 
Increasing pain 
Unexplained pain 
Deep-seating boring nature 
Night pain 
Difficulty weight-bearing 
Deep swelling
21
Q

What are the clinical features of osteosarcoma?

A 
Pain 
Loss of function 
Swelling 
Pathological fracture 
Joint effusion 
Deformity 
Neurovascular effects 
Systemic effects of neoplasia
22
Q

What are the specific features of pain associated with osteosarcoma?

A

Increasing pain, impending fracture (esp lower limb)
Analgesics eventually ineffective
Not related to exercise
Deep, boring ache worse at night

23
Q

What are the specific features of swelling associated with osteosarcoma?

A

Generally diffuse in malignancy
Generally near end of long bone
Once reaching noticeable size, enlargement may be rapid
Warmth over swelling and venous congestion

24
Q

What are the treatment options available for bone tumours?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy

25
Q

What are the suspicious signs of a soft tissue tumours being malignant?

A

Deep tumours of any size
Subcutaneous tumours >5cm
Rapid growth, hard, craggy, non-tender

26
Q

What suspicious signs of swelling should be noted?

A

Rapidly growing
Hard, fixed, craggy surface, indistinct margins
Non-tender to palpation but associated with deep ache etc
May be painless
Recurred after previous excision

27
Q

What are the most common cancers which metastasise to bone?

A 
Lung 
Breast 
Prostate 
Kidney 
Thyroid 
GI tract 
Melanoma
28
Q

What are the prevention strategies for bone mets?

A

Early chemotherapy
Prophylactic internal fixation
Use of bone cement
Aim for early painless weight bearing and mobilisation

29
Q

What is the system used to asses the risk of fracture?

A

Mirel’s scoring system

Musculoskeletal (27 decks)

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