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Anatomy Block 3 > Blood vessels, Nerves, viscera > Flashcards

Blood vessels, Nerves, viscera Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the Right common carotid artery originate?

A

-brachiocephalic trunk

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2
Q

Where does the Left common carotid artery originate?

A

-aortic arch

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3
Q

where does the common carotid bifurcate?

A

-ascends through carotid sheath to thyroid cartilage to divide into external and internal carotid arteries

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4
Q

Carotid sheath

A
  • internal jugular veins are lateral to common carotid

- vagas nerve lies between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery, posteriorly

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5
Q

carotid sinus

A
  • localized dilation at terminal part of common carotid/ start of internal carotid artery
  • walls contain glossopharyngeal nerve endings sensitive to changes in blood pressure
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6
Q

carotid body

A
  • highly vascular epithelial structure at bifurcation of common carotid
  • has nerve endings from glossophayngeal nerve to respond to chemical changes in blood
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7
Q

what are important in reflex control of heart rate, BP, respiratory rate and depth?

A

-carotid sinus and carotid body

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8
Q

External carotid artery

A
  • begins at upper border of thyroid cartilage
  • ascends into carotid triangle
  • leave carotid triangle and runs deep to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
  • divides into superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery in parotid gland
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9
Q

AnteriorBranches of the external carotid artery

A
  • superior thyroid
  • lingual
  • facial
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10
Q

Posterior branches of external carotid artery

A

-occipital and posterior auricular arteries

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11
Q

Medial branch of external carotid artery

A

-ascending pharyngeal artery

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12
Q

Terminal branch of external carotid artery

A

-superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

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13
Q

superior thyroid artery

A
  • anterior branch of external carotid artery
  • descends vertically to supply thyroid
  • branches into superior laryngeal artey which travels with internal laryngeal nerve
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14
Q

Lingual artery

A
  • anterior branch of external carotid(near hyoid bone)
  • initial segment is crossed superficially by hypoglossal nerve
  • passes deep to hypoglossal muscle
  • gives off branches that supply tongue
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15
Q

facial artery

A
  • ascends deep to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid and curves around mandible to enter the face
  • BEFORE entering the face, gives branches that supply pharynx, soft palate, tonsils, submandibular gland
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16
Q

Occipital artery

A
  • posterior branch of external carotid artery
  • passes deep to posterior belly of digastric and mastoid process to get to the back of scalp
  • terminal branches work with occipital nerve to supply back of scalp
  • branches along the course supply auricle, middle ear,cranial dura mater
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17
Q

posterior auricular artery

A
  • posterior branch of external carotid artery
  • insertion: notch between cartilage of external acoustic meatus and mastoid process
  • supplies auricle, middle ear, scalp above and behind the ear, and parotid gland
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18
Q

Ascending pharyngeal artery

A
  • medial branch of the external carotid artery
  • smallest branch of external carotid
  • goes along pharyngeal wall parallel to internal carotid artery
  • supplies to pharynx, soft palate, palantine tonsil, middle ear, and cranial dura mater
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19
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A
  • terminal branch of external carotid
  • upward continuation of external carotid
  • terminates at root of zygomatic process of temporal bone
  • divides into anterior and posterior branches
  • supplies temporal, frontal, and parietal regions of the skull
  • branches supply to external ear, parotid gland, face, and temporomandibular joint
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20
Q

Maxillary artery

A
  • terminal branch of external carotid artery
  • passes deep to neck of mandible
  • runs through infrtemporal fossa and terminates in pterygopalatine fossa
  • supplies external and middle ear, teeth, muscles for mastication, face, nasal cavity
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21
Q

Internal jugular vein

A
  • drainage from most of head and neck
  • starts at jugular foramen and ends in the sternoclavicular junction where it meets subclavian vein to make braciocephalic vein
  • in carotid sheath, runs laterally from common carotid artery and internal carotid artery
  • deep cervical lymph
  • bulbs
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22
Q

bulbs of the internal jugular vein

A
  • dilation on inferior and superior ends of the vein

- superior and inferior bulbs

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23
Q

Brachiocephalic vein

A

-formed by subclavian and internal jugular vein

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24
Q

internal jugular vein tributaries

A
  • inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses drain into the superior bulb
  • pharyngeal vein
  • facial vein
  • occipital vein
  • superior and middle thyroid vein
  • lingual vein
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25
Q

Right Subclavian artery

A
  • branch of brachiocephalic trunk

- begins posterior to sternoclavicular joint

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26
Q

Left subclavian artery

A

-branch off the aortic arch

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27
Q

what divides the subclavian artery into 3 parts?

A

-scalenus anterior muscle

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28
Q

first part of subclavian artery

A 
-from origin to medial border of scalenus anterior
Branches
-vertebral artery
-thyrocervical
-internal thoracic artery
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29
Q

second part of subclavian artery

A

-posterior to scalenus anterior
Branches:
-costocervical trunk(may originate from first part)

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30
Q

Third part of subclavian artery

A
  • from lateral border of scalenus anterior to lateral border of the first rib
  • becomes continuous with axillary artery
  • gives rise to dorsal scapular artery or may have no branches
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31
Q

vertebral artery

A
  • originates from first part of subclavian artery

- divided into 4 parts

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32
Q

first (prevertebral) part of vertebral artery

A
  • run from subclavian artery to transverse foramen of C6
  • between longus colli and scalenus anterior
  • inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion lies posterior
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33
Q

Second (cervical) part of vertebral artery

A
  • through transverse foramen of C6 to C1
  • anterior to those ventral rami
  • gives off small muscular and spinal branches
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34
Q

Third (atlantic) part of vertebral artery

A
  • lies in a groove on superior surface of posterior arch of atlas
  • within the suboocipital triangle
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35
Q

Fourth (intracranial) part of vertebral artery

A
  • pierces dura mater and arachnoid and ascends into cranial cavity via foramen magnum
  • gives off branches for blood supply to the brain stem
36
Q

thyrocervical trunk branches

A
  • inferior thyroid artery
  • superficial(transverse) artery
  • suprascapular artery
37
Q

inferior thyroid artery

A
  • branch of thyrocervical trunk
  • supplies: larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • closely related to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • branches into ascending cervical artery: supplies adjacent muscles
38
Q

superficial (transverse) artery

A
  • branch of thyrocervical trunk
  • supplies superficial muscles of the upper back
  • when dorsal scapular artery comes off of subclavian artery, it is called superficial
  • when it branches to form the dorsal suprascapular, it is called transverse
39
Q

suprascaular artery

A
  • branch of thyrocervical trunk
  • joined by suprascapular nerve as it approaches scapula
  • supplies muscles on posterior aspect of scapula
40
Q

Costocervical trunk

A
  • originates from the second part of the subclavian artery

- goes posterior over cervical pleura toward the first rib where it splits into two branches

41
Q

What are the branches that costocervical trunk divides into?

A
  • supreme intercostal artery

- deep cervical artery

42
Q

Supreme intercostal artery

A
  • branch of costocervical trunk
  • descends in front of neck of first and second ribs
  • gives off posterior intercostal arteries of upper 2
43
Q

Deep cervical artery

A
  • branch of costocervical trunk
  • passes between transverse process of C7 and neck of first rib
  • then goes between semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis muscle
  • anastomoses with occipital artery
  • supplies deep muscles of back and neck
44
Q

Dorsal scapular artery

A
  • may originate from transverse cervical artery or MOST COMMONLY from third part of subclavian artery
  • runs through brachial plexus, deep to levator scapula to the angle of the scapula
  • goes along medial surface of scapula with dorsal scapular nerve
  • anastomoses with suprascapular and subscapular arteries
45
Q

Subclavian vein

A
  • begins at lateral border of first rib, continuation of axillary vein
  • separated from subclavian artery by scalenus anterior muscle
  • joins internal jugular vein posterior to sternoclavicular joint to form brachiocephalic vein
  • EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN IS ONLY TRIBUTARY
46
Q

Vagas Nerve

A
  • motor and sensory fibers
  • originates at medulla oblongata and exits skull at jugular foramen
  • descends in neck within carotid sheath
47
Q

What structures does the vagas nerve pass between?

A

Superiorly: internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery
Inferiorly: internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

48
Q

What sensory ganglia are associated with the vagas nerve?

A

Superior ganglion: small, lies on vagas nerve within jugular foramen
Inferior ganglion: larger, lies on vagas nerve inferior to jugular foramen

49
Q

Branches of vagas nerve within the jugular foramen

A

Meningeal branch: supplies dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Auricular branch: runs with temporal bone-supplies to auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane

50
Q

Name the branches of the vagas nerve in the neck

A
  • pharyngeal branch
  • superior laryngeal nerve
  • cardiac branches
  • right recurrent laryngeal nerve
51
Q

Pharyngeal branch of vagas nerve

A
  • motor innervation for muscles of pharynx and soft palate

- part of the pharyngeal plexus

52
Q

name the branches of superior laryngeal nerve

A
  • internal laryngeal nerve

- external laryngeal nerve

53
Q

internal laryngeal nerve

A
  • pierces thyrohyoid membrane with superior laryngeal vessels
  • supplies SENSORY innervation to mucosa of laryngopharynx, larynx, and posterior part of tongue
54
Q

External laryngeal nerve

A

-MOTOR innervation for cricothyroid muscle and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

55
Q

Cardiac branches of vagas nerve

A

-end in cardiac plexus in thorax

56
Q

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

A
  • branch of vagas nerve
  • curves around inferior aspect of right subclavian artery
  • ascends to larynx in groove between trachea and esophagus to the right side
57
Q

Accessory Nerve

A
  • motor fibers (union of spinal and cranial roots)
  • originates from C1 to C5 segments of spinal cord
  • enters posterior cranial fossa through foramen magnum
  • exits cranial fossa through jugular foramen
  • supplies sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
58
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A
  • MOTOR fibers that supply the tongue
  • originates in medulla and exits skull by hypoglossal canal
  • joined by fibers from ventral rami of C1 and they can go to ansa cervicalis or stay on to supply geniohyoid
59
Q

Name the branches of the hypoglossal nerve

A
  • meningeal branch
  • upper root of ansa cervicalis
  • nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
  • terminal branches that supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue-only branch with true hypoglossal fibers
60
Q

cervical part of the sympathetic trunk

A
  • upward continuation of thoracic sympathetic trunk
  • NO WHITE COMMUNICATING RAMI
  • go through sympathetic trunk to get to cervical ganglia
  • divides into 3 interconnected ganglia
  • ALL BRNACHES FROM THESE ONLY HAVE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS
61
Q

Superior cervical ganglion

A 
-largest cervical ganglion
Branches: 
-internal carotid nerve
-external carotid nerve
-grey communicating rami(C1-C4)
-pharyngeal branches
-superior cervical cardiac nerve
62
Q

Middle Cervical ganglion

A

-smalles and most variable cervical ganglion
-lies at level of cricoid cartilage, close to inferior thyroid artery
Branches
-grey rami(C5 and C6)
-Middle cervical cardiac nerve
-thyroid branches

63
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion

A

-can fuse with first throacic ganglion to form CERVICOTHORACIC (STELLATE) GANGLION
-lies between transverse process of C7 and neck of first rib
Branches
-grey rami(C7 and C8)
-branches that go with vertebral and subclavian arteries
-inferior cervical cardiac ganglion
-ansa subclavia

64
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • formed by ventral rami of C1 to C4 spinal nerves

- rami connected by nerve loop located anterior to levator scapulae and deep to sternocleidomastoid

65
Q

Cutaneous branches of cervical plexus

A

-lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves

66
Q

Branches of cervical plexus

A
  • cutaneous branches
  • ansa cervicalis
  • phrenic
  • muscular branches
67
Q

Phrenic nerve off cervical plexus

A
  • anterior to scalenus anterior
  • anterior to first part of subclavian artery
  • through mediastinum to reach diaphragm
68
Q

Muscular branches of cervical plexus

A

-sensory fibers to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

69
Q

what does thyroid gland secrete?

A
  • endocrine gland
  • secretes: thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) to stimulate metabolic rate
  • also secretes calcitonin to lower calcium levels
70
Q

What is the thyroid surrounded by?

A
  • connective tissue sheath from PRETRACHEAL LAYER of deep cervical fascia
  • moves it up and down when swallowing
71
Q

Thyroid gland location

A
  • originates from endoderm of floor of pharynx
  • migrates inferiorly for final position
  • foramen cecum indicates origin
72
Q

thyroglossal duct

A

-connects thyroid to tongue through migration

73
Q

Thyroglossal cysts

A
  • caused by persistence of a segment of thyroglossal duct

- usually anterior midline of the neck near hyoid bone

74
Q

Name the lobes of the thyroid

A
  • right and left lobe
  • isthmus
  • pyramidal lobe
75
Q

Right and left lobe of thyroid

A

Apex-directed upward and reaches oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Base-directed downward and reaches 4 or 5th tracheal cartilages

76
Q

Isthmus

A

-extends across midline anterior to second and third tracheal cartilages

77
Q

Pyramidal lobe

A
  • projects upward from isthmus
  • not always there
  • represents remnant of thyroglossal duct
78
Q

Relations to lobes

A

Anterolaterally-sternohyoid, sternothyroid, sternocleidomastoid
Posterolaterally- carotid sheath and contents
Medially- larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, laryngeal nerves
Posterior border-parathyroid glands

79
Q

Relations to isthmus

A

Anteriorly: sternohyoid, sternothyroid, anterior jugular vein
Posteriorly: 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages

80
Q

Name the two PRIMARY arteries associated with the thyroid

A
  • superior thyroid artery

- inferior thyroid artery

81
Q

What artery is associated with the thyroid in 10% of people

A

Thyroid ima artery

  • originates from brachiocephalic trunk of aortic arch
  • anterior surface of thyroid to reach isthmus
  • think about this when youre a surgeon
82
Q

Thyroid veins

A
  • superior and middle thyroid veins-drain into internal jugular vein
  • inferior thyroid vein-drain into brachiocephalic vein
83
Q

parathyroid glands

A

2 superior and 2 inferior

  • under thyroid facial sheath
  • secrete parathormone(increase calcium levels)
  • artery supply: superior and inferior thyroid arteries
  • Veins: drain into thyroid venous plexus
84
Q

superior parathyroid glands

A

-lie at lower border of cricoid cartillage

85
Q

Inferior parathyroid glands

A
  • lie near inferior poles of lobes of thyroid
  • less consistant in position
  • can go below thyroid gland or up towards thymus

Anatomy Block 3 (13 decks)

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