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Pathophysiology > Blood & Lymphatic Disorders > Flashcards

Blood & Lymphatic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the blood?

A

Major transport system. Carries antibodies and WBC’s (defenses). Controls body temperature.

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2
Q

Blood PH

A

7.35-7.45 (Alkaline)

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3
Q

An adult has approximately ____ L of blood.

A

5 L

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4
Q

What percent of the blood is plasma?

A

55%

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5
Q

What percent of the blood is formed elements(RBC, WBC, Platelets)?

A

45%

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6
Q

Proportion of blood volume occupied by RBC’s.

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

What percent hematocrit in males?

A

48%

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8
Q

What percent hematocrit in females?

A

45%

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9
Q

Elevated hematocrit could indicate?

A

Dehydration or excess RBC’s

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10
Q

Depress hematocrit could indicate?

A

Blood loss or anemia

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11
Q

Normal RBC Count

A

4.2-6.2 million/mm3

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12
Q

Excessive destruction of RBC’s results in?

A

Jaundice

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13
Q

Normal WBC/Leukocytes Count

A

5,000-10,000/mm3

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14
Q

Increase in WBC’s (inflammation or infection)

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

Decrease in WBC’s (viral infection, radiation, chemo)

A

Leukopenia

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16
Q

Total RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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17
Q

Clotting factors to clot timed test?

A

Prothrombin Time

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18
Q

Stimulates production of RBC’s.

A

Procrit (epoetin)

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19
Q

Cause a reduction in oxygen transport in blood due to low hemoglobin content.

A

Anemia

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20
Q

Decreased ____ = Decreased Oxygen

A

RBC’s

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21
Q

Hemoglobin carries ___ molecules of oxygen at a time.

A

4

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22
Q

Decreased Fe, impedes synthesis of Hb. Reducing the amount of oxygen transported.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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23
Q

______ Anemia affects mainly women and pregnant women.

A

Iron Deficiency

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24
Q

Pallor of skin, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, menstrual irregularities, concave nails, delayed healing.

A

General signs of anemia

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25
Q

Tachycardia, heart palpitations, dyspnea, syncope.

A

Signs of severe anemia

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26
Q

Iron rich foods/supplements. Depends on the cause.

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatments

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27
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Pernicious Anemia Vitamin 12 Deficiency

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28
Q

Usually results from a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin 12.

A

Pernicious Anemia Vitamin 12 Deficiency

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29
Q

Malabsorption of vitamin 12.

A

Due to lack of intrinsic factor (IF)

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30
Q

Results from the formation of autoantibodies against IF in the gastric mucosa.

A

Lack of intrinsic factor

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31
Q

B12 Malabsorption is the most common cause due to?

A

Lack of intrinsic factor

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32
Q

Enlarged, red, sore, shiny tongue, decrease in gastric acid leading to digestion discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, tingling, bringing, loss of coordination, ataxia due to neurological effects.

A

Signs of Pernicious Anemia

33
Q

Oral supplements of B12 or B12 injections.

A

Pernicious Anemia Treatments

34
Q

Impairment or failure of bone marrow function. Leading to loss of stem cells, and decreased numbers of WBC’s, RBC’s, and platelets.

A

Aplastic Anemia

35
Q

Bone marrow damaged by radiation, chemicals, certain drugs, Hep C, autoimmune diseases (lupus), genetic abnormalities.

A

Causes of Aplastic Anemia

36
Q

Onset is insidious, anemia, leukopenia (low WBC’s), thrombocytopenia (low platelets).

A

Signs of Aplastic Anemia

37
Q

Blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants.

A

Treatments for Aplastic Anemia

38
Q

Abnormally shaped Hb.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

39
Q

When Hb is _____, it crystalizes and changes shape to a crescent shape.

A

Deoxygenated

40
Q

Sickle shape obstructs ____. Causing thrombus formation, tissues necrosis, infarctions.

A

Small Vessels

41
Q

Inherited, recessive gene

A

Cause of Sickle Cell Anemia

42
Q

Common in individuals from African/Middle East

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

43
Q

1 in 12 African Americans have the trait, 1 in 600 have _____.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

44
Q

Decreased incidence of ____ with Hb (sickle cell shaped).

A

Malaria

45
Q

Jaundice, gallstones, enlarged spleen, vascular occlusions, infarctions, growth/development delayed, CHF.

A

Signs of Sickle Cell Anemia

46
Q

Avoid strenuous activity and high altitudes.

A

Treatment for Sickle Cell Anemia

47
Q

Many patients with _____ do not survive past 20 years old.

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

48
Q

Indicated by spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding after minor injury.

A

Blood Clotting Disorders

49
Q

Chemo, radiation, kidney failure, too much aspirin or blood thinners, vitamin k deficiency, liver disease, inherited defects.

A

Causes of Blood Clotting Disorders

50
Q

Deficit or abnormality of clotting factor VIII

A

Hemophilia A

51
Q

What is the most commonly inherited clotting disorder?

A

Hemophilia A

52
Q

X-linked recessive trait. Manifest in males, carried by females.

A

Hemophilia A

53
Q

Prolonged or severe hemorrhage occurs following minor tissue trauma or blood in urine/feces.

A

Signs of Hemophilia A

54
Q

Coagulation time is prolonged with what blood clotting disorder?

A

Hemophilia A

55
Q

Pinpoint flat red spots on skin or mucus membranes.

A

Petechiae

56
Q

Results from bleeding from capillary or small arteriole.

A

Petechiae

57
Q

Neoplastic disorders involving WBC’s.

A

Leukemia

58
Q

Overall survival rate is 45%.

A

Leukemia

59
Q

Undifferential immature, nonfunctional cells. Multiply uncontrollably. Large quantities released into general circulation.

A

Leukemia

60
Q

High proportion of very immature nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation. Abrupt onset. Marked signs, complications.

A

Acute Leukemia

61
Q

Higher proportion of mature cells. Insidious onset. Mild signs. Better prognosis.

A

Chronic Leukemia

62
Q

Leukemia cell production in bone marrow _______ production of normal cells. Leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, lack of normal functioning, bone marrow crowding on nerves, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly.

A

Suppresses

63
Q

____ leukemia more common in older people.

A

Chronic

64
Q

_____ leukemia primarily in children (2-6 years old) and younger adults. Cause is unknown.

A

Acute

65
Q

Adults leukemia associated with exposure to ____, ___, ____.

A

Chemicals, radiation, viruses

66
Q

Onset is marked by infection, multiple infections, anemia, severe hemorrhage, bone pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, liver.

A

Signs of Acute Leukemia

67
Q

Onset milder, insidious.

A

Signs of Chronic Leukemia

68
Q

Chemotherapy, Bone Marrow Transplant

A

Treatments for Leukemias

69
Q

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in lymph node’s.

A

Lymphoma

70
Q

Occurs primarily in adults 20-40 yrs. old. Initially involves one lymph node. T lymphocytes appear defected, low lymphocytes.

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

71
Q

Reed-Sternberg cell used as marker. Giant, atypical, in lymph node.

A

Test for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

72
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Stage I

A

Affects 1 lymph node or region.

73
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Stage II

A

Affects 2 or more lymph nodes or regions on same side of diaphragm.

74
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Stage III

A

Nodes on both sides of diaphragm and spleen.

75
Q

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Stage IV

A

Diffuse extra lymphatic involvement.

76
Q

Large, painless, non-tender lymph node. Enlarged spleen, enlarged lymph nodes, general signs of cancer, recurrent infection.

A

Signs of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

77
Q

Radiation, chemo, surgery, ABVD drug.

A

Treatment for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

78
Q

Increase in incidence, initial manifestation.

A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

79
Q

Multiple node involvement scatter throughout body.

A

Non-hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Pathophysiology (16 decks)

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