Blood disorders 1: Hyperemia & Congestion Flashcards
define hyperemia
Increase in blood flow due to Active vasodilatation of Arterioles & Capillaries
Types of hyperemia
- Physiological: ex. Skeletal muscles during exercise
- Pathological: inflammation
Define congestion
Passive impairment of Blood flow out of veins
decreased outflow
types of Congestion
- Systemic <— right side heart failure
- Localised <— applied pressure or occlusion
general effect of acute congestion on the organ
- organ red in color
- Interstitial edema
general effect of chronic Congestion on the organ
- edema & focal hemorrhage causing –>Accumulation of hemosidren laden macrophages
- Hypoxia
- Ischemia
- scarring
- parenchymal cell atrophy & fibrosis
- organ appears Brown & fibrotic
3 main types of CVC (chronic venous congestion)
- CVC of lung
- CVC of Liver
- Spleen congestion
Causes of Lung CVC
- Mitral Stenosis
- left side heart failure
Morphology of Lung CVC
gross:
* early: dark red, moist & heavy
* Later: becomes brown indurated (shrunken)
Microscopic:
* capillaries of alveoli show edema & hemorrhage
* Intra alveolar heart failure cells/ Hemosidren laden macrophages
* Surrounded by fibrosis (brown & indurated)
Causes of Liver CVC
Right side heart failure (systemic congestion)
gross morphology of liver CVC
- Enlarged & heavy liver
- Cut section shows nutmeg liver = dark red spot of centrilobular areas on yellow background of fatty change
- Later becomes shrunken with irregular surfaces due to fibrosis
Microscopic morphology of liver CVC
- congested central veins & sinusoids
- Atrophy/ death of centerilobular hepatocytes due to sever hypoxia
- Steatosis of Peripheral hepatocytes due to less hypoxia
- Later, fibrosis of central areas
Morphology of Splenic congestion
- Congested sinusoids
- Atrophic lymph follicles
- later ; fibrosidrotic nodules (hemosidren surrounded by fibrosis)
