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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

0
Q

Supportive CT

A

cartilage, bone

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1
Q

Connective tissue classification

A

Dense, loose, adipose, reticular, elastic, mucous

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2
Q

Fluid CT

A

Blood

Lymph

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3
Q

Blood volume and % of body weight

A

Female 4/5 L
Male 5/6 L
7-8% of total body weight

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4
Q

Blood ph? Too high/low results in?

A

Ph 7.4
Too high - alkaline tetanus
Too low - acidic coma

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5
Q

Blood transport functions (5)

A 
O2 co2
Catabolites
Hormones
Immune response
Nutrients
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6
Q

Blood other functions (5)

A 
Reg body temp
Migration of leukocytes 
Acid base reg
Haemostasis - coagulation
Oncotic pressure - form tissue fluid
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7
Q

Hematocrit =

And mormal range in men/woman

A

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets
Male 42-52
Female 37-47

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8
Q

Increase in heamtocrit?

A

Increase in blood viscosity,

Eg athletes - hematopoietin - increase hematocrit - increase blood viscosity

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9
Q

How to study blood?

A

Withdraw blood
Centrifuge for 10min
Components of blood seperates : buffy coat 1%, erthrocytes 44%, plasma 55%

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10
Q

Indication of hyperlipidemia

A

Blood centrifuge. White lipid serum when centrifuge.

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11
Q

3 types of deformities in rbc

A

Howell jolly body - remnant of nucleus
Cabot ring - mt remnant of mitotic spindle
Heinze body - denatured hemoglobin

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12
Q

Which stain for hemoglobinpathy ?

A

Crystal violet

Eg pink with Heinz body

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13
Q

Blood centrifuge importance of anticoagulant and 2 of these?

A

Heparin, sodium citrate.

Prevent blood clot from forming - fibronogen -> fibrin network

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14
Q

Buffycoat contains?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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15
Q

Blood composition : plasma?

A

Water 92
Plasma 6-8
Others 1

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16
Q

Plasma proteins

Where synthesised?

A

Albumin - oncotic protein
Globin a and b - transport protein
Globin y - antibodies
Fibrinogen and coagulation proteins - injured bv - blood clot - prevent blood exit

All in liver apart form globin y - plasma cells

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17
Q

What are formed elements?

A

Not cells.
Rbc and platelets.
Contain no nucleus therefore not cells

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18
Q

Formed elements are fixed by which method?

A

Romanowski method

Mix of acid, basic and neutral stainin

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19
Q

Size of rbc?

A

8um

Used at microscopic ruler. All similar size.

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20
Q

Rbc (6)

A 
5million/mm^2 male & 4.5million female
No nucleus, organelles - cont Hemoglobin
Flexible, resilient
ABO blood group (carbs surface)
Biconcave shape - increase sa 20-30%
Function : o2/c02 transport
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21
Q

Renewal of erthrocytes?
Life span?
Removed by?

A

RBC differentiate - mito, ribosomes, golgi, nucleus, RER lost.
Therefore no protein synthesis organelles - rapid age
120 days
Destroyed by phagocytosis

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22
Q

Reticulocytes (2)

When are they present?

A

Larger than mature rbc

Present - blood produced quickly - pathologies

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23
Q

Abnormal rbc (2)

A

Poikilocytosis - abnormal shape

Anisocytosis - abnormal volume

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24
Q

Examples of poikilocytosis (3)

A 
Tearget cells (codocytes)
Schistocytosis
Sickle cells (drepanocytes)
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25
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborn

A 
Fetus rh + 
Mother rh -
Placenta - rbc leak 
Mother produce anti rh antibodies
Attack fetus rbc in child
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26
Q

Aging rbc

A

Decrease in sialic acid - phagocytosed by resident macrophages in spleen

What does sialic acid do? Provide -ve chain, prevent adhesion to other rbc and bv.

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27
Q

What are glycophorins?

A

TMP
Long chain of glycoproteins.
Prevent adhesion to other cells and bv walls

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28
Q

Structure of rbc membrane?

Exmaple of a dimer membrane protein

A

Extracellular carbs form abo blood group system
50 proteins
40 lipids
10 carbs

Spectrin - a and b dimer

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29
Q

4 rbc blood groups, antibodies and antigens present.

Which uni donor and acceptor?

A 
A    ANTI B        A ANTIGEN
B    ANTI A        B ANTIGEN
AB  NONE         A AND B ANTIGEN
O    ANTI A B    NONE
Uni acceptor - AB
Uni donor - O
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30
Q

Failures of rbc membrane?

A

Mod of PM protein - band 3 protein
Mod of cyto protein - ankryin, spectrin, protein 4.1, 4.2
Leas to spherocytosis, elipsocytosis, ovalcytosis

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31
Q

Spherocytosis (non inherited)?

A

Rbc no protein synthesis - lose function and flexibility - lose shape - spheroid shape.
Unable to pass thru spleen.
Hemocatalysis - macrophages - phagocytosis

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32
Q

Inherited spherocytosis?

A

Rbc loss of structural proteins - frail - rapidly removed and destroyed

33
Q

Cytoplasm of rbc?

A

66% water

33% protein - 95% haemoglobin 5% others

34
Q

Leukocytes, quantity, types(and %), function?

A

6000-10000per mm^2
Granulocytes - neutrophils(60/70), basophils(0.5/1), eosinophils(2/4)
Agranulocytes - monocytes(3/8), lymphocytes(15-20)
Function - defense (humoral and cell mediated immune response)

35
Q

Leukocytes to site of infection (3)

A

Ameboid movement. Chemotaxis. Diapedesis

36
Q

Neutrophils. Diammeter. Nucleus. Granules. Function. Half life and lifespan. Extra (3)

A

10-14um. Multilobed.
Azurophillic (proteases, hydrolases, peroxidases),
secondary (microbacterial, collagenases, elastases, lysozymes),
tertiary (gelatinases, cell specific enzymes)
Function : cell phagocytosis vs pathogens
HL 6/7 hrs LS 1/4 days
Few organelle protein syn - no regen granules - die after granule released - pus at site of infection

37
Q

Human females - neutrophils ?

A

Barr body.

Inactivated 2nd chromosome.(3%)

38
Q

Neutrophils

A

Move via pseudopods.
First wave to site of infection
Work with macrophages and lymphocytes
Cytokines released at site of infection (by local cells) - large no. Invade

39
Q

How neutrophils recognise foreign substances?

A

Receptors on pm - bind and phagocytose

If foreign body contain antigen (opsonised) - response enchanced

40
Q

Eosinophils basics?

A

Rounded, bilobed nucleus.
Acidophilic granules - ovoid - specific disks
Blood - 8/12 hr CT 3 days
Removed by macrophages

41
Q

Eosinophils function?

A

Remove antigen-antibody complex

Kill parasites

42
Q

Eoisinophils granules(2)

A

Specific - MBP, Eosinophilic cationic protein, Eosinophilic peroxidase

Azruophilic - lysozymes

43
Q

Basophils: diammeter, nucleus, granules, function

A

12-15 um
Basophillic specific granules : heparin, histamine. Many lysozomes.
Functions : supplement mast cell - inflammation
Bing to IgE - hypersensitivity reactions

44
Q

Mast cell degranulation leads to…

A

Anaphylactic shock

45
Q

Mast cells arise from

A

bm stem cells

46
Q

Mast cell - Appearance after toluidine bleu stain

A

Metachromatic appearance

47
Q

Mast cell - Life span

A

Few months

48
Q

Mast cells compared to basophills (1)

A

Larger than basophills

49
Q

Granules in mast cells

A

Heparin, histamine, aryl sulfatase (mod activity of cells), neutral proteins(tryptase, chymase), chemotactic factors - stimulate neutrophils and eosinophills

50
Q

Allergy mechanism 6

A

Pathogen invades
Plasma cells produce IgE antibodies.
Bind to receptor on mast cell
Second exposure.
Antigen on pathogen bind to IgE on mast cell
Degranulation. Histamine - bv dilate - leaky - edema - release mucous - sm contract

51
Q

Lymphocytes quick

A 
7-8um. 20-40%
Thin cytoplasm - agranular - basophilic
Large nucleus.
Non-terminally differentiated
ReEnter circulation
52
Q

Lymphocytes - linage

A

Arise in bone marrow - primary lymphoid organs - mature
Thymus - t cells
Bone marrow - b cells and nk cells

53
Q

Percentage of lymphocyte cells and size types

A

B - 15
T - 80
Nk - 5
Small medium large lymphocytes

54
Q

B lymphocytes (5)

A 
Humoral response.
Recognise antigen natural form
Primary : recognise antigen - IgM prodcued
Secondary : rapid, IgG than IgM produced
Activated - plasma cells - antibodies
55
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cell mediated immunity
Long life
Differentiate in thymus

56
Q

T lymphocytes - cytoxic t cells

A

Cytoxic t cells - kill virus infected non-self cancer cell - release perforin and granenzymes (fragmentins)

57
Q

Function of perforins and granenzymes

A

Perforins, granzymes - increase pm permeability, cell apoptosis, no antibodies - consumed by phagocytosis

58
Q

T helper cells

A

Secrete interleukins and variety of mediators.

59
Q

T suppresor cells

A

Antigen removed - Switch off lymphocyte response

60
Q

Nk cells (5)

A 
Large, granular lymphocytes
No memory, non- specific
Release lysosomes and perforins
Kill virus infected and cancer cells
Innate immune response
61
Q

How long do monocytes circulate before entering into tissues and organs?

62
Q

Monocytes (5)

A

14-18um. Kidney shaped nucleus. Precursor to macrophage. Azurophilic granules - lysozymes.
Migrate to site of infection

63
Q

Function of serotonin and platelets?

A

Platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction

64
Q

Platelet life span and function?

A

10 days

Haemostasis and coagulation

65
Q

Platelet structure - 3 regions

A

Hyalomere - peripheral - mt
Granulomere - central - granules and organelles
Membrancpe zone - open canalicular system (accumulation of Ca2+

66
Q

Platelets - organelle zone?

A

Mito, peroxisomes, glycogen

67
Q

Platelets granules (3)

A

Alpha - PDGF, Fibrinogen, other coagulation proteins

Lamba - lysosomal enzymes ( remove clot )

Delta - dense bodies - calcium, serotonin, pyrophospahe

68
Q

Which cell produces platelets and how?

A

Megakaryocyte,

Cytoplasm - pro-platelets - nucleus removed - fragmentation - released from pro-platelet ends.

69
Q

Heamostasis and coagulation

A

Serotonin - vasoconstriction - platelet adhere to bv wall - activated - change shape, degranulation - cascade - further platelet aggregation - fibrinogen polymerisation -> fibrin network - 2 hemostatic plug - clot dissolution by lysosomes - lamba granules.

70
Q

Platelet plug reinforced by…

71
Q

Platelets bond to…..on bv wall

A

Collagen from ct

72
Q

Where can bone marrow be collected?

A

Sternum, epiphysis of tibia, iliac crest.

Using specific needle

73
Q

Bone marrow (2) types

A

Red - active - spongy bone - hematopoiesis

Yellow - adipose - epiphysis of long bones

74
Q

2 compartments in bm. Stromal and hematopoietic

A

Stromal : fibroblasts, adipose, endothelial, macrophages, bv

Hematopoietic : hematopoetic stem cells

75
Q

Bone marrow and immature mature stem cells?

A

Immature not able to leave - endothelial barrier - not mature - not recognised - transported into blood

Mature - enter blood - transendothelial migration

76
Q

Erythrocyte to reticulocyte main change?

A

Removal of nucleus

77
Q

3 major cell types in bone marrow

A

Hematopoetic stem cells
Commited stem cells - myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Mature cells

78
Q

Cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (6)

A

Rbc, mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocyte, lymphocyte

79
Q

Hematopoiesis 5 stages

A

Decrease in size
Increase in hemoglobin
Pro-erythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythroblast

Histology (17 decks)

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