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Histology > 2.4 Respiritory System > Flashcards

2.4 Respiritory System Flashcards

0
Q

Resp system (2) basics

A

Produces sound, site for olfactory sensation (nose) olfactory mucosa

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1
Q

Gas conditioning? (3)

A

Warmed to body temp.
Humidified
Cleared of particles/matter

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2
Q

Conducting and respiritory portion?

A

Conduct - ext to Lungs - nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi
Int to lungs - bronchial tree to TB
Respiritory portion - RB - Alveoli

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3
Q

Nose (5)

A

Provides airways, moistens + warms air, filters air, resonating chamber for speech, olfactory receptors

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4
Q

Nasal cavitiy. Passes thru. Roof. Floor. Connects.

A

Passes thru nares
roof= olfactory mucosa (psuedostratified)
Floor=anterior hard, post soft palate
Nasa, septum- perpendicular plate (ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
Connects pharynx post thru choanae (post nasal aperture)

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5
Q

Olfactory mucosa? (2)

A

Bowman’s glands,

First cranial nerve in olfactory nerves

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6
Q

Paranasal sinuses name 4 and (2)

A

Maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, frontal

Air warming and moistening
Open into nasal cavities
Lighten skull
Infected : sinusitus
Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavities
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7
Q

Nasal cavity - ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium 5 cell types

A

Ciliated - tall columnar with cilia - project into mucus covering surface if epithelium
goblet - mucus secretion
Basal - stem cells
Brush - cells in resp tract - short blunt microvilli
Small granule cells (kulchisky cells) - secretory granules - apud system cells

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8
Q

Olfactory region of nasal cavity. Types of cells (4). Nerves.

A

Specialised olfactory mucosa, olfactory bowmans glands
Epithelium : olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells (mechanical and met support), basal cells, brush cells

Unmylinated nerves in lamina propria

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9
Q

Olfactory receptor cells?

A

Bipolar neurons, apical cilia non motile.
Collections of axons from receptor as bundles - thru cribiform placte of ethmoid bone - dura, archanoid, pia mater to olfactory bulb

1 month lifespan
Anosmia - loss of smell

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10
Q

Olfactory glands (5) name. Type. Appearance. Epi. Secretion

A

Bomans glands
Branched tubuloalveolar serous
Combo of lipofuscin give yellow brown appearance.
Cuboidal cells
Secretion - trap and solvent for odiferous substances - bind to receptor - amp camp calcium na channels depolarisation

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11
Q

Pharynx (3)

A

Cranial to c6 - 15cm - nol
Lymphatic nodules - junc sup post wall - pharyngeal tonsil

Passageway for food and resonating chamber for speech

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12
Q

What connects nasopharynx to middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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13
Q

Larynx

And 3 function

A

c4-6.
Passage of air - opening of lumen
Functions : vocalisation, provides an open airway, switching mechanism - food and air into proper channels

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14
Q

Cartilages of larynx (8) connect by?

A

Connected by membrane and ligaments
Thyroid - laryngeal prominence - adams aple
Circoid - - inf to thryoid cart - only complete ring of csrtilage : signet ring shaped
Pairs of small cart, post :
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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15
Q

What is the 9th cartilage of larynx

A

Epiglottis elastic

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16
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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17
Q

Larynx structural areas? (4)

A

Supra/infra glottic space
True/false vocal chord - ligaments
Ventricles of larynx
Rima Glottis

True vocal chord : muscles - contraction + movement - vocalisation

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18
Q

False (1) and true vocal chord (2)

Factors determine sound (3)

A

False vocal chord - superior ligaments - vestibular folds

True vocal chord - inf ligaments - vocal folds
- tension, length + position of vocal folds determine quality of sound

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19
Q

Structure of larynx

A

Mucosa - pseudostrat cilia , goblet cells, ss on vocal chords, lamina propria. Lymph nodes.

Muscles of larynx - intrinsic : striated muscle acting on true vocal chords, regulation of glottis - influence quality of sound
Extrinsic

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20
Q

Trachea diameter, length. Rings, inspiration/expiration, flexible, carina,

A

Diameter : 2.5
Length : 10
16-29 c shaped rings (hyaline cartilage) - joined by fibroelastic ct ( inspiration - expansion and extension, expire - passive recoil)
Flexible for bending : remain open despite pressure changes during breathing
Carina - branching of trachea into bronchi

21
Q

Trancheal rings and skeleton

A

Where cartilage not present - sm cells - tracheal muscle

Skeelton - fibroelastic ct, support mucosa - prevent collapse during inspiration.

22
Q

Why is left bronchus shorter?

A

Due to heart

23
Q

Wall of trachea layers?

A

Mucosa - cliliated ps epi. Elastic, fiber rich lamina propria
Submucosa - more dense ct than lp
Cartilaginous layer - c shaped hyaline cart
Adventitia - ct bind trachea to adjacent structure

24
Quick facts about trachea? (4)
Unusually think bm - collagen and reticular fibres - dense MucoCillary excalator by ciliated cells(200/cell) - remove small inhaled particles from lungs Granule cells (kulchitsky cells) - enteroendocrine - some form associated with nerves -> neuroepithelium bodies - function in reflexes involving airway or vascular caliber Tubuloacinar mixed glands
25
Trachea Boundary between mucosa and submucosa?
Elastic membrane | Submucosa not typical - loose character - BALT
26
Tracheal cart and muscle seperate? | What does adventitia contain?
Submucosa from adventitia Adventitia contain - largest bv and nerves - supply tracheal wall, largest lymphatics
27
Trachea K cells. Where any they near? And precursor of ?
Near bm, precursor of small cell ling carinoma
28
Trachea - cartilage surrounded by (2)
Dct and elastic fibres
29
Main bronchi vs trachea? (Very similar)
``` Main bronchi: epi tell tall, fewer goblet cells, more elastin in lp, sm between lp and submucosa. Fewer glands in submucosa ``` Cartilage from rings to plates
30
Difference between right and left bronchi?
Right shorter - 3 lobes
31
Bronchi segments of L and R
Left bronchus - 2 lobar bronchial branches - 8 bronchopulmonary segments Right bronchus - 3 "" - 10 ""
32
What is a bronchopulmonary segment ?
Segmental bronchus and lung parenchyma it supplies | Each with own blood supply , ct septa,
33
How can bronchi be identified and layers (5)
Cartilage plates and sm circ in muscularis mucosa - cart decrease sm increase Mucosa ps epi, smaller lp in proportion to lumen Muscularis - circ sm Submucosa - lct, glands and adipose tissue Cartilaginous Adventitia - moderate dct, continuous with artery and lung parenchyma
34
Bronchioles and branching Diameter
Bronchopulmonary segments -> pulmonary lobules - acini. Each acinus - term bronchiole, resp bronchiole 1mm or less
35
In bronchioles there are not present but present in bronchi? (2)
Cartilage plates and glands
36
Small bronchioles epi. Terminal bronchioles which cells? Along length of bronchioles what increases
Simple cuboidal. Term bronchioles -> clara cells among ciliated cells. Along length of bronchiole - clara cells increase. Ciliated cells decrease.
37
Clara cells (4) general. Internal structure
Non ciliated. Rounded or dome shaped. Rer, ser, lateral golgi apparatus, secretory granules. Lipoprotein - surface active agent - prevent luminal adhesion to wall. 16kda - ccsp - clara cell secretory protein
38
Which part of bronchioles allow gas exchange and air conduction? What type of epithelium here?
Respiratory bronchioles- cuboidal epi
39
Alveoli
75m^2 sa. 150-200m in each lung. Site for gas exchange. Alveolar ducts - no walls, alveoli at peripheries - rings of sm in inter-alveolar septa (also thin ct with capp) Alveolar sacs - spaces surrounded by cluster of alveoli
40
Alveolar epithelium. 3 types of cells. 2 extra points
Type 1 alveolar cells (t1 pneumocytes) - squamous, thin. 40% no. 95% sa - occluding junctions - no cell division T2 - cuboidal a 60%no. 5% sa. Lamellar bodies - secrete surface active agent - surfactant. Progenitor cells for t1 cells. (Extra : hyper plasia and marker) Brush cells - few in no. Receptor function - monitor air quality
41
T2 cells - surfactant
Reduce surface tension and clearance of foreign mat.n Fetus after 35th week Modulated by cortisol, insulin, prolactin, thyroxine Less surfactant - premature infants - lung collapse - resp distress syn
42
Surfactant proteins
A most abundant. Surfactant homeostasis. Modulate immune response B lamellar body - thing film of surfactant. Spreading onto epithelium of lung C similar function to a B D primary protein - involved in host defence - bind to microorganism and lymphocytes
43
Alveolar septeum. Thinnest barrier contains | .
Air blood barrier. Thinnest barrier - thin layer of surfactant. T1 cell + basal lamina. capp endothelial cell + basal lamina. Fused BL. CT cell and fibres in thick portion. Tissue fluid accumulates, drained by LV In term bronchioles
44
Alveolar macrophages
Present in ct and air space of alveolus. Remove inhaled particles (air spaces) and rbc (septum) Air space - scavenge surface therefore named dust cells Rbc may enter alveolus - during heart failure
45
Alveolar pores of kohn
Allow air passage between alveoli. | Benefit during pathological conditions - normal pathway block - similar to anastomoses
46
Lungs blood supply
Rv - pulmonary art - pulmonary circ - capp - pulmonary venous circ - pulmveins - lv Bronchial circ - aorta - bronchial art (all lung except alveoli). Finest branches anastomose with pul capp - Respiratory and conduction junction. Bronchial veins drain ct of hilar region.
47
Lungs lv? (3)
Parallel to blood supply. 2 sets 1 drain parenchyma of lung -> the hilum - lymph nodes found here 2 drain surface of lung , travels ct of visceral pleura.
48
Visceral pleura of lung?
Serous membrane - surface mesothelium. Underlying ct
49
Lungs nerves | What are they involved in?
Sympathetic, parasympathetic of autonomic nervous system. | Sm in airway passages - control size/diameter of lumen

Histology (17 decks)

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