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Histology > 2.4 Respiritory System > Flashcards

2.4 Respiritory System Flashcards

0
Q

Resp system (2) basics

A

Produces sound, site for olfactory sensation (nose) olfactory mucosa

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1
Q

Gas conditioning? (3)

A

Warmed to body temp.
Humidified
Cleared of particles/matter

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2
Q

Conducting and respiritory portion?

A

Conduct - ext to Lungs - nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi
Int to lungs - bronchial tree to TB
Respiritory portion - RB - Alveoli

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3
Q

Nose (5)

A

Provides airways, moistens + warms air, filters air, resonating chamber for speech, olfactory receptors

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4
Q

Nasal cavitiy. Passes thru. Roof. Floor. Connects.

A

Passes thru nares
roof= olfactory mucosa (psuedostratified)
Floor=anterior hard, post soft palate
Nasa, septum- perpendicular plate (ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
Connects pharynx post thru choanae (post nasal aperture)

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5
Q

Olfactory mucosa? (2)

A

Bowman’s glands,

First cranial nerve in olfactory nerves

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6
Q

Paranasal sinuses name 4 and (2)

A

Maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, frontal

Air warming and moistening
Open into nasal cavities
Lighten skull
Infected : sinusitus
Lined by same mucosa as nasal cavities
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7
Q

Nasal cavity - ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium 5 cell types

A

Ciliated - tall columnar with cilia - project into mucus covering surface if epithelium
goblet - mucus secretion
Basal - stem cells
Brush - cells in resp tract - short blunt microvilli
Small granule cells (kulchisky cells) - secretory granules - apud system cells

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8
Q

Olfactory region of nasal cavity. Types of cells (4). Nerves.

A

Specialised olfactory mucosa, olfactory bowmans glands
Epithelium : olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells (mechanical and met support), basal cells, brush cells

Unmylinated nerves in lamina propria

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9
Q

Olfactory receptor cells?

A

Bipolar neurons, apical cilia non motile.
Collections of axons from receptor as bundles - thru cribiform placte of ethmoid bone - dura, archanoid, pia mater to olfactory bulb

1 month lifespan
Anosmia - loss of smell

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10
Q

Olfactory glands (5) name. Type. Appearance. Epi. Secretion

A

Bomans glands
Branched tubuloalveolar serous
Combo of lipofuscin give yellow brown appearance.
Cuboidal cells
Secretion - trap and solvent for odiferous substances - bind to receptor - amp camp calcium na channels depolarisation

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11
Q

Pharynx (3)

A

Cranial to c6 - 15cm - nol
Lymphatic nodules - junc sup post wall - pharyngeal tonsil

Passageway for food and resonating chamber for speech

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12
Q

What connects nasopharynx to middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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13
Q

Larynx

And 3 function

A

c4-6.
Passage of air - opening of lumen
Functions : vocalisation, provides an open airway, switching mechanism - food and air into proper channels

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14
Q

Cartilages of larynx (8) connect by?

A

Connected by membrane and ligaments
Thyroid - laryngeal prominence - adams aple
Circoid - - inf to thryoid cart - only complete ring of csrtilage : signet ring shaped
Pairs of small cart, post :
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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15
Q

What is the 9th cartilage of larynx

A

Epiglottis elastic

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16
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

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17
Q

Larynx structural areas? (4)

A

Supra/infra glottic space
True/false vocal chord - ligaments
Ventricles of larynx
Rima Glottis

True vocal chord : muscles - contraction + movement - vocalisation

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18
Q

False (1) and true vocal chord (2)

Factors determine sound (3)

A

False vocal chord - superior ligaments - vestibular folds

True vocal chord - inf ligaments - vocal folds
- tension, length + position of vocal folds determine quality of sound

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19
Q

Structure of larynx

A

Mucosa - pseudostrat cilia , goblet cells, ss on vocal chords, lamina propria. Lymph nodes.

Muscles of larynx - intrinsic : striated muscle acting on true vocal chords, regulation of glottis - influence quality of sound
Extrinsic

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20
Q

Trachea diameter, length. Rings, inspiration/expiration, flexible, carina,

A

Diameter : 2.5
Length : 10
16-29 c shaped rings (hyaline cartilage) - joined by fibroelastic ct ( inspiration - expansion and extension, expire - passive recoil)
Flexible for bending : remain open despite pressure changes during breathing
Carina - branching of trachea into bronchi

21
Q

Trancheal rings and skeleton

A

Where cartilage not present - sm cells - tracheal muscle

Skeelton - fibroelastic ct, support mucosa - prevent collapse during inspiration.

22
Q

Why is left bronchus shorter?

A

Due to heart

23
Q

Wall of trachea layers?

A

Mucosa - cliliated ps epi. Elastic, fiber rich lamina propria
Submucosa - more dense ct than lp
Cartilaginous layer - c shaped hyaline cart
Adventitia - ct bind trachea to adjacent structure

24
Q

Quick facts about trachea? (4)

A

Unusually think bm - collagen and reticular fibres - dense
MucoCillary excalator by ciliated cells(200/cell) - remove small inhaled particles from lungs
Granule cells (kulchitsky cells) - enteroendocrine - some form associated with nerves -> neuroepithelium bodies - function in reflexes involving airway or vascular caliber
Tubuloacinar mixed glands

25
Q

Trachea Boundary between mucosa and submucosa?

A

Elastic membrane

Submucosa not typical - loose character - BALT

26
Q

Tracheal cart and muscle seperate?

What does adventitia contain?

A

Submucosa from adventitia

Adventitia contain - largest bv and nerves - supply tracheal wall, largest lymphatics

27
Q

Trachea K cells. Where any they near? And precursor of ?

A

Near bm, precursor of small cell ling carinoma

28
Q

Trachea - cartilage surrounded by (2)

A

Dct and elastic fibres

29
Q

Main bronchi vs trachea? (Very similar)

A 
Main bronchi: 
epi tell tall, 
fewer goblet cells,  
more elastin in lp, 
sm between lp and submucosa. 
Fewer glands in submucosa

Cartilage from rings to plates

30
Q

Difference between right and left bronchi?

A

Right shorter - 3 lobes

31
Q

Bronchi segments of L and R

A

Left bronchus - 2 lobar bronchial branches - 8 bronchopulmonary segments

Right bronchus - 3 “” - 10 “”

32
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment ?

A

Segmental bronchus and lung parenchyma it supplies

Each with own blood supply , ct septa,

33
Q

How can bronchi be identified and layers (5)

A

Cartilage plates and sm circ in muscularis mucosa - cart decrease sm increase
Mucosa ps epi, smaller lp in proportion to lumen
Muscularis - circ sm
Submucosa - lct, glands and adipose tissue
Cartilaginous
Adventitia - moderate dct, continuous with artery and lung parenchyma

34
Q

Bronchioles and branching

Diameter

A

Bronchopulmonary segments -> pulmonary lobules - acini.
Each acinus - term bronchiole, resp bronchiole

1mm or less

35
Q

In bronchioles there are not present but present in bronchi? (2)

A

Cartilage plates and glands

36
Q

Small bronchioles epi. Terminal bronchioles which cells? Along length of bronchioles what increases

A

Simple cuboidal.
Term bronchioles -> clara cells among ciliated cells.

Along length of bronchiole - clara cells increase. Ciliated cells decrease.

37
Q

Clara cells (4) general. Internal structure

A

Non ciliated. Rounded or dome shaped.
Rer, ser, lateral golgi apparatus, secretory granules.
Lipoprotein - surface active agent - prevent luminal adhesion to wall.
16kda - ccsp - clara cell secretory protein

38
Q

Which part of bronchioles allow gas exchange and air conduction? What type of epithelium here?

A

Respiratory bronchioles- cuboidal epi

39
Q

Alveoli

A

75m^2 sa. 150-200m in each lung. Site for gas exchange.

Alveolar ducts - no walls, alveoli at peripheries - rings of sm in inter-alveolar septa (also thin ct with capp)

Alveolar sacs - spaces surrounded by cluster of alveoli

40
Q

Alveolar epithelium. 3 types of cells. 2 extra points

A

Type 1 alveolar cells (t1 pneumocytes) - squamous, thin. 40% no. 95% sa - occluding junctions - no cell division
T2 - cuboidal a 60%no. 5% sa. Lamellar bodies - secrete surface active agent - surfactant. Progenitor cells for t1 cells. (Extra
: hyper plasia and marker)
Brush cells - few in no. Receptor function - monitor air quality

41
Q

T2 cells - surfactant

A

Reduce surface tension and clearance of foreign mat.n
Fetus after 35th week
Modulated by cortisol, insulin, prolactin, thyroxine
Less surfactant - premature infants - lung collapse - resp distress syn

42
Q

Surfactant proteins

A

A most abundant. Surfactant homeostasis. Modulate immune response
B lamellar body - thing film of surfactant. Spreading onto epithelium of lung
C similar function to a B
D primary protein - involved in host defence - bind to microorganism and lymphocytes

43
Q

Alveolar septeum. Thinnest barrier contains

.

A

Air blood barrier.
Thinnest barrier - thin layer of surfactant. T1 cell + basal lamina. capp endothelial cell + basal lamina. Fused BL.
CT cell and fibres in thick portion. Tissue fluid accumulates, drained by LV In term bronchioles

44
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

Present in ct and air space of alveolus.
Remove inhaled particles (air spaces) and rbc (septum)
Air space - scavenge surface therefore named dust cells

Rbc may enter alveolus - during heart failure

45
Q

Alveolar pores of kohn

A

Allow air passage between alveoli.

Benefit during pathological conditions - normal pathway block - similar to anastomoses

46
Q

Lungs blood supply

A

Rv - pulmonary art - pulmonary circ - capp - pulmonary venous circ - pulmveins - lv
Bronchial circ - aorta - bronchial art (all lung except alveoli). Finest branches anastomose with pul capp - Respiratory and conduction junction.

Bronchial veins drain ct of hilar region.

47
Q

Lungs lv? (3)

A

Parallel to blood supply. 2 sets
1 drain parenchyma of lung -> the hilum - lymph nodes found here
2 drain surface of lung , travels ct of visceral pleura.

48
Q

Visceral pleura of lung?

A

Serous membrane - surface mesothelium. Underlying ct

49
Q

Lungs nerves

What are they involved in?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic of autonomic nervous system.

Sm in airway passages - control size/diameter of lumen

Histology (17 decks)

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