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3 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

0
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Steroid
Amino acid eg catecholamines
Proteins

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1
Q

How endocrine glands formed?

A 
Down growth
Loss of duct cells
Cords of cells - form endocrine
Aggregates
Surround by capillaries
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2
Q

Steroid producing cells classification?

A

Tubular mito
Lipid droplets
Developed SER

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3
Q

Characteristics of endocrine system?

A

Slow, long-lasting, bloodstream diffusion - bind to complementiry receptors.

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4
Q

3 types of endocrine cells?

A

Endocrine - effects target organ via blood
Paracrine - effects cells in close vicinity
Autocrine - effect endocrine cells themselves

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5
Q

Endocrine gland classification?

A

Gland:
Unicellular
Multicellular
Interstitial

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6
Q

Unicellular endocrine glands… 2 examples of…

A

C cells of thyroid

DNES Diffuse Neuro-endocrine system

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7
Q

DNES - explain?

A

Unicellular.
Mucosa of Digestive, respiratory system.
Enteroendocrine cells
Argentaffin, argyophillic - affinity for chromium and silver salts
APUD - Amine precursor undergo decarboxylation - hormone synthesised - increase motility.

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8
Q

FUNCTION OF GI DES

A

Stomach - gastrin and serotonin - stim gastric secretion - increase SI motility
SI - CCK ( cholecystokinin ) - pancreas enzyme secretion
- secretin - stim secretion : pancrease enzymes, bicarbonate
- motilin - increase gastric and SI motility.

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9
Q

4 types of multicellular endocrine glands - and examples

A

Cords - pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
Islets - pancreas
Interstitial - testis and ovary
Follicles - thyroid (only structure)

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10
Q

Why is kidney not an organ of the endocrine system?

A

Not specialised for endocrine hormone secretion.

Other major functions eg reabsorption of water, ions. Blood filter

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does kidney secrete?

A

Erythropoietin

Calcitriol

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12
Q

Pituitary, anterior, adenohypophysis : name components

A

Pars : tuberalis, intermedia, distalis

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13
Q

Neurohypophysis structure?

A

Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk

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14
Q

How ant pituitary stimulated?

A

Stimulated via inhibition/secretion factors via primary and secondary capillaries.
Pars distalis - regulate cells in ant. Hypophysis

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15
Q

Does post pituitary prodcue hormones?

A

No, only hormones release.

Hypothalamus produce hormones via axon - pars nervosa

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16
Q

Name hormones produced by pituitary gland - adenohypophysis.

A

ACTCH, PRL, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, MSH
adrenal galnds, mammary glands, male and female gonads, liver, thyroid, melanocytes.
FSH, LH - maturation in spermatogenesis, development of follicle in ovary, ovulation

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17
Q

5 types of cells in Ant Pituitary?

A

Somatotropes - GH, GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone), somatostatin (inhibit gh release)
Lactotropes prl, dopamine inhibit, vasoactive inhibitory peptide and thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibit
Corticotropes acth
Gonadotropes fsh lh
Thyrotropes tsh

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18
Q

Hormones produce by post lobe

A

ADH - reabsorption of water in the kidneys
Oxytocin - SM uternine and mammary gland contraction (female)
- (male) SM in ductus deterens and prostate glands.

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19
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Post puberty, excess gh produced

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20
Q

Adenonypohysis arrangement of epithelia?

A

In cords

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21
Q

Adenohypophysis hormone type?

A

Protein, glycoprotein

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22
Q

3 categories of types of cells in adenohypophysis?

A

Chromophils ( acidophillic - GH, PRL MSH, basophillic - FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH)
Chromophobe - no stain, unknown maybe (inactive, degranulated, undifferentiated.)
Folliculo-stellate - starlike - transmit signal from pars tuberalis to distalis

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23
Q

Neurohypophysis info?

A 
Release factors stimulate adenohypophysis
ADH, oxytocin
Unmyelinated nerve fibre
CT stroma
Specialised glial cells
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24
What inhibits ADH.
Alcohol
25
What do you find in nerve fibres and glial cells of the pituitary?
Herrin bodies.
26
What are herrin bodies and where are they found?
Storage of hormones in granules. | Terminal axon branch
27
Pineal gland, brain sand, what is?
Ca2+ concentration increases with age. Visible on x ray. Allows you to visualise other structures in brain
28
3 types of cells in pineal gland?
Glial, pinealocytes, interstitial cells(astrocytes)
29
Hormones in pineal gland?
Serotonin day | Melatonin night
30
Function of pineal gland
``` Antioxidant Linked to depression Anti cancer Adjust to changes in day and night Circadian activities Timing of puberty - eg inhibition of gonads ```
31
Suprachiasmatic nuclei in hypothalamus
Real body clock Genes expressed Leads to expression of other genes Release of specific hormones
32
What type of endocrine gland thyroid | .
Follicle
33
What in colloid?
Hormones | Thyroglobins
34
What type of cells thyroid follicles?
Thyreocyte | Columnar or cuboidal
35
What does the white space in the colloid of thyroid gland represent?
Decrease in colloid, | Hormone absorbed by follicle cells
36
What are thyroglobins?
Inactive storage of hormone t3 and t4
37
What is thyroglobin made of?
Tyrosine residues connected by iodine
38
C cells in thyroid.
Unicellular cells. | Release calcitonin
39
Function of T hormones?
Increase o2, met, atp consumption, body temp. | Increase body growth and correct dev of nervous sytem
40
Calcitonin function
Maintain calcium level in blood Too high calcium therefore... Inhibit osteoclast...hypocalcemia. Parathyroid antagonist
41
Active/inactive thyreoctye shaoe and function
Active - columnar - thyroglobin synthesis and breakdown Iodide in capillary to peroxidase to iodine. Bind to tyrosine residues. Released into colloid. Inactive - cuboidal - stored colloid
42
Where calcitonin produce?
Parafollicular cells of thyroid.
43
Diseases of thyroid?
Cretinism, hyperthyroidism
44
Parathyroid info?
In cords and lumps Post thyroid Thin connective capsule Parathyroid hormone 2 main functions.
45
2 main functions of parathyroid hormone?
Ca2+ kidney reabsorption | Ca2+ osteoclast breakdown of bone, inhibit osteoblasts/bone formation - increase ca2+ blood levels.
46
2 types of cells in parathyroid and their function
Chief cells - synthesise parathyroid hormone Oxyphils - unknown, of large size than chief cells. - large no of mitochondria - basophilic ( hemotoxilin)
47
Adrenal gland structure
2 located supra kidneys Outer - Capsule. Inner - medulla Innermost - cortex
48
Adrenal Medulla hormones?
``` Epinephrine, norepinephrine. Fight or flight Sympathetic Increase hr, bp, met. Stimulate by nervous system ```
49
3 layers of adrenal cortex?
Glomerulosa - 15% - coiled Fasiculata - 80% - parallel cords Reticularis - 7% - irregular - white spaces capillaries
50
Glomerulosa hormones?
Mineral corticoids - aldosterone - Na+ reabsorption therefore control h20 reabsorption in kidneys
51
What is addisons disease?
Decrease in glucocorticoids ( fasiculata ) therefore increse stim of MSH - increase in melanocytes
52
What is crushings disease
Increase in glucocorticoids - redistribution of body fat
53
Fasiculata andreal hormones
Anti inflammatory and immune suppression | Breakdown of fatty acids, proteins and gluconeogenesis. Release fatty acids and glucose into blood stream
54
Zona Reticularis adrenal cortex hormones
Sex hormones | Androgen and oestrogen
55
Parasypathetic effect on pancrease?
Increase both insulin and glucose
56
Sympathetic effect on pancreas?
Increase glucagon secretion | Inhibit insulin
57
Normal blood glucose level for a fasting human?
Between 80mg and 110mg per 100ml (4.4 to 6.1mmol per L)
58
Pancreas - cause and treament of INSULINOMA
Benign tumour 90% B cells of pancreas Treatment = surgical removal of tumour
59
Pancreatic cancer, cause and info?
Malignant neoplasm. Adenocarcinoma head of pancreas Prognosis 6m - 1y Male 4x > female Symptoms for diagnosis : wwjb weight weakness jaundice back-pain Exploratory biopsy required for diagnosis
60
Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus?
``` Type 1 - onset pre-20 - juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus Autoimmune response to b cells B cells destroyed No more insulin production Treatment of diet and insulin therapy ```
61
Non insulin dependant diabetes?
Type 2 - overweight 40+ Insulin resistant, unable to bind to receptors Change in receptor 3d shape/tertiary structure - no receptor insulin complex formed... Controlled by diet
62
Symptoms of diabetes?
``` Copious urine Blurry vision osmotic loss of water from cells Frequently urination Polyphagia ( hunger ) Polydipsia ( excessive thirst ) ```
63
Type 3 diabetes?
ADDLs Amyloid B derived diffusible ligands -> bind to receptors on axons for memory function Insulin receptors not replenished from cytosol to axon Insulin unable to bind. Loss of memory. Alzheimer's -> assoc. dementia
64
Islets of langerhans - anatomy
Richly vascularised Spread among pancreatic acini - random Small clusters surrounded by fine net of reticular fibres
65
Islets of langerhans - 3 main types of cell, 3 less common types. Each 1 hormone produces.
Cells A - glucagon B - insulin D - somatostatin - VIP(?) inhibit gastrin, glucagon, insulin, pancreatic enzymes. Gastrin producing - gastrin - HCL secretion stomach PP - pancreas polypeptide - inhibit exocrine pancreas secretion + bile from gallbladder. Epsilon - Ghelin - feeling of hunger

Histology (17 decks)

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