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Histology > 3 Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

3 Endocrine Glands Flashcards

0
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

Steroid
Amino acid eg catecholamines
Proteins

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1
Q

How endocrine glands formed?

A 
Down growth
Loss of duct cells
Cords of cells - form endocrine
Aggregates
Surround by capillaries
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2
Q

Steroid producing cells classification?

A

Tubular mito
Lipid droplets
Developed SER

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3
Q

Characteristics of endocrine system?

A

Slow, long-lasting, bloodstream diffusion - bind to complementiry receptors.

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4
Q

3 types of endocrine cells?

A

Endocrine - effects target organ via blood
Paracrine - effects cells in close vicinity
Autocrine - effect endocrine cells themselves

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5
Q

Endocrine gland classification?

A

Gland:
Unicellular
Multicellular
Interstitial

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6
Q

Unicellular endocrine glands… 2 examples of…

A

C cells of thyroid

DNES Diffuse Neuro-endocrine system

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7
Q

DNES - explain?

A

Unicellular.
Mucosa of Digestive, respiratory system.
Enteroendocrine cells
Argentaffin, argyophillic - affinity for chromium and silver salts
APUD - Amine precursor undergo decarboxylation - hormone synthesised - increase motility.

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8
Q

FUNCTION OF GI DES

A

Stomach - gastrin and serotonin - stim gastric secretion - increase SI motility
SI - CCK ( cholecystokinin ) - pancreas enzyme secretion
- secretin - stim secretion : pancrease enzymes, bicarbonate
- motilin - increase gastric and SI motility.

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9
Q

4 types of multicellular endocrine glands - and examples

A

Cords - pituitary, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal
Islets - pancreas
Interstitial - testis and ovary
Follicles - thyroid (only structure)

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10
Q

Why is kidney not an organ of the endocrine system?

A

Not specialised for endocrine hormone secretion.

Other major functions eg reabsorption of water, ions. Blood filter

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does kidney secrete?

A

Erythropoietin

Calcitriol

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12
Q

Pituitary, anterior, adenohypophysis : name components

A

Pars : tuberalis, intermedia, distalis

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13
Q

Neurohypophysis structure?

A

Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk

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14
Q

How ant pituitary stimulated?

A

Stimulated via inhibition/secretion factors via primary and secondary capillaries.
Pars distalis - regulate cells in ant. Hypophysis

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15
Q

Does post pituitary prodcue hormones?

A

No, only hormones release.

Hypothalamus produce hormones via axon - pars nervosa

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16
Q

Name hormones produced by pituitary gland - adenohypophysis.

A

ACTCH, PRL, FSH, LH, GH, TSH, MSH
adrenal galnds, mammary glands, male and female gonads, liver, thyroid, melanocytes.
FSH, LH - maturation in spermatogenesis, development of follicle in ovary, ovulation

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17
Q

5 types of cells in Ant Pituitary?

A

Somatotropes - GH, GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone), somatostatin (inhibit gh release)
Lactotropes prl, dopamine inhibit, vasoactive inhibitory peptide and thyrotropin releasing hormone inhibit
Corticotropes acth
Gonadotropes fsh lh
Thyrotropes tsh

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18
Q

Hormones produce by post lobe

A

ADH - reabsorption of water in the kidneys
Oxytocin - SM uternine and mammary gland contraction (female)
- (male) SM in ductus deterens and prostate glands.

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19
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Post puberty, excess gh produced

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20
Q

Adenonypohysis arrangement of epithelia?

A

In cords

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21
Q

Adenohypophysis hormone type?

A

Protein, glycoprotein

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22
Q

3 categories of types of cells in adenohypophysis?

A

Chromophils ( acidophillic - GH, PRL MSH, basophillic - FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH)
Chromophobe - no stain, unknown maybe (inactive, degranulated, undifferentiated.)
Folliculo-stellate - starlike - transmit signal from pars tuberalis to distalis

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23
Q

Neurohypophysis info?

A 
Release factors stimulate adenohypophysis
ADH, oxytocin
Unmyelinated nerve fibre
CT stroma
Specialised glial cells
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24
Q

What inhibits ADH.

A

Alcohol

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25
Q

What do you find in nerve fibres and glial cells of the pituitary?

A

Herrin bodies.

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26
Q

What are herrin bodies and where are they found?

A

Storage of hormones in granules.

Terminal axon branch

27
Q

Pineal gland, brain sand, what is?

A

Ca2+ concentration increases with age.
Visible on x ray.
Allows you to visualise other structures in brain

28
Q

3 types of cells in pineal gland?

A

Glial, pinealocytes, interstitial cells(astrocytes)

29
Q

Hormones in pineal gland?

A

Serotonin day

Melatonin night

30
Q

Function of pineal gland

A 
Antioxidant
Linked to depression
Anti cancer
Adjust to changes in day and night
Circadian activities
Timing of puberty - eg inhibition of gonads
31
Q

Suprachiasmatic nuclei in hypothalamus

A

Real body clock
Genes expressed
Leads to expression of other genes
Release of specific hormones

32
Q

What type of endocrine gland thyroid

.

A

Follicle

33
Q

What in colloid?

A

Hormones

Thyroglobins

34
Q

What type of cells thyroid follicles?

A

Thyreocyte

Columnar or cuboidal

35
Q

What does the white space in the colloid of thyroid gland represent?

A

Decrease in colloid,

Hormone absorbed by follicle cells

36
Q

What are thyroglobins?

A

Inactive storage of hormone t3 and t4

37
Q

What is thyroglobin made of?

A

Tyrosine residues connected by iodine

38
Q

C cells in thyroid.

A

Unicellular cells.

Release calcitonin

39
Q

Function of T hormones?

A

Increase o2, met, atp consumption, body temp.

Increase body growth and correct dev of nervous sytem

40
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Maintain calcium level in blood
Too high calcium therefore…
Inhibit osteoclast…hypocalcemia.

Parathyroid antagonist

41
Q

Active/inactive thyreoctye shaoe and function

A

Active - columnar - thyroglobin synthesis and breakdown
Iodide in capillary to peroxidase to iodine. Bind to tyrosine residues. Released into colloid.

Inactive - cuboidal - stored colloid

42
Q

Where calcitonin produce?

A

Parafollicular cells of thyroid.

43
Q

Diseases of thyroid?

A

Cretinism, hyperthyroidism

44
Q

Parathyroid info?

A

In cords and lumps
Post thyroid
Thin connective capsule
Parathyroid hormone 2 main functions.

45
Q

2 main functions of parathyroid hormone?

A

Ca2+ kidney reabsorption

Ca2+ osteoclast breakdown of bone, inhibit osteoblasts/bone formation - increase ca2+ blood levels.

46
Q

2 types of cells in parathyroid and their function

A

Chief cells - synthesise parathyroid hormone
Oxyphils - unknown, of large size than chief cells.
- large no of mitochondria - basophilic ( hemotoxilin)

47
Q

Adrenal gland structure

A

2 located supra kidneys
Outer - Capsule.
Inner - medulla
Innermost - cortex

48
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones?

A 
Epinephrine, norepinephrine. 
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
Increase hr, bp, met. 
Stimulate by nervous system
49
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A

Glomerulosa - 15% - coiled
Fasiculata - 80% - parallel cords
Reticularis - 7% - irregular - white spaces capillaries

50
Q

Glomerulosa hormones?

A

Mineral corticoids - aldosterone - Na+ reabsorption therefore control h20 reabsorption in kidneys

51
Q

What is addisons disease?

A

Decrease in glucocorticoids ( fasiculata ) therefore increse stim of MSH - increase in melanocytes

52
Q

What is crushings disease

A

Increase in glucocorticoids - redistribution of body fat

53
Q

Fasiculata andreal hormones

A

Anti inflammatory and immune suppression

Breakdown of fatty acids, proteins and gluconeogenesis. Release fatty acids and glucose into blood stream

54
Q

Zona Reticularis adrenal cortex hormones

A

Sex hormones

Androgen and oestrogen

55
Q

Parasypathetic effect on pancrease?

A

Increase both insulin and glucose

56
Q

Sympathetic effect on pancreas?

A

Increase glucagon secretion

Inhibit insulin

57
Q

Normal blood glucose level for a fasting human?

A

Between 80mg and 110mg per 100ml (4.4 to 6.1mmol per L)

58
Q

Pancreas - cause and treament of INSULINOMA

A

Benign tumour 90%
B cells of pancreas
Treatment = surgical removal of tumour

59
Q

Pancreatic cancer, cause and info?

A

Malignant neoplasm.
Adenocarcinoma head of pancreas
Prognosis 6m - 1y
Male 4x > female
Symptoms for diagnosis : wwjb weight weakness jaundice back-pain
Exploratory biopsy required for diagnosis

60
Q

Insulin dependant diabetes mellitus?

A 
Type 1 - onset pre-20 - juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune response to b cells
B cells destroyed
No more insulin production
Treatment of diet and insulin therapy
61
Q

Non insulin dependant diabetes?

A

Type 2 - overweight 40+
Insulin resistant, unable to bind to receptors
Change in receptor 3d shape/tertiary structure - no receptor insulin complex formed…
Controlled by diet

62
Q

Symptoms of diabetes?

A 
Copious urine
Blurry vision osmotic loss of water from cells
Frequently urination
Polyphagia ( hunger )
Polydipsia ( excessive thirst )
63
Q

Type 3 diabetes?

A

ADDLs Amyloid B derived diffusible ligands -> bind to receptors on axons for memory function
Insulin receptors not replenished from cytosol to axon
Insulin unable to bind. Loss of memory.
Alzheimer’s -> assoc. dementia

64
Q

Islets of langerhans - anatomy

A

Richly vascularised
Spread among pancreatic acini - random
Small clusters surrounded by fine net of reticular fibres

65
Q

Islets of langerhans - 3 main types of cell, 3 less common types. Each 1 hormone produces.

A

Cells
A - glucagon
B - insulin
D - somatostatin - VIP(?) inhibit gastrin, glucagon, insulin, pancreatic enzymes.
Gastrin producing - gastrin - HCL secretion stomach
PP - pancreas polypeptide - inhibit exocrine pancreas secretion + bile from gallbladder.
Epsilon - Ghelin - feeling of hunger

Histology (17 decks)

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