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Histology > 4,5 Connective Tissue > Flashcards

4,5 Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Components of ECM in CT.

A

GAGS, water, ions, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, enzymes.

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1
Q

Main cells in CT.

A

Fibroblasts

Synthesis and digestion of all ECM components

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2
Q

A function of GAGs in ECM of CT.

A

Bind to high quantity of water therefore effect metabolism

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3
Q

Function of glycoproteins in ECM of CT?

A

Modulate cells TO ECM connection

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4
Q

CT primary functions?

A 
Cranes shoot my pigs tired dr
Connection of different tissues
Structural support
Medium of transport - met diff
Protection of organs
Trophic function
Defence functions
Repairation
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5
Q

ECM Fibrially components?

A

Collagen, reticular fibres, elastic fibres

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6
Q

2 types of cells in CT?

A

Resident remain in CT
Fibroblats, adipocytes, pericytes, mast cells

Transient temp in CT
Macrophages/histocytes, leukocytes, plasma cells,granulocytes

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7
Q

Fibroblast to fibrocyte located in?

A

Loose CT - Adipose, areolar, reticular

Dense CT - Regular, Irregular, Elastic

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8
Q

Chrondroblasts -> chrondrocytes present in?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.

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9
Q

Fibroblasts contain high amount of?

A

Golgi and RER.

Formed from Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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10
Q

Inactive fibroblasts?

A

Flattened more electron dense nucleus therefore greater amount of heterochromatin.
Less protein synthesis
Activated by polypeptide activates.

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11
Q

Defence functions of macrophages? Which differentiate from monocytes. What else differentiates from monocytes?

A

Antigen presenting cell involved in Immune response.
Phagocytosis - degradation of debris, ecm components, damaged/aged cells

Osteoclast

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12
Q

What do macrophages secrete?

How do macrophages go from inactive (fixed) to active?

A

Cytokines and enzymes

Removal of attached collagen fibres with small finger like projections

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13
Q

Life span of macrophage?

A

2 months

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14
Q

Inactive fixed macrophage?

A

Kidney shaped nucleus, 19-30um in diameter, spindle/stellate shape.

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15
Q

Macrophages are present in….and increase in no. during…

A

CT

Inflammation

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16
Q

What are histocytes?

A

Macrophages specialised in different types of cells

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17
Q

Name type of histocyte in each organ?

Liver, spleen, peritoneal cavity, lung, bone, CNS

A 
Kuppfer cells
Red pulp cells
Perotioneal macrophages
Dust cells 
Osteoclasts
Microglia
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18
Q

Adipoctyes structure?

A 
Thin cytoplasm and nucleus
Lipid droplet (liposome) dissolved
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19
Q

Leukocytes increase during inflammation. Name three types?

A

Granulocytes.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophills (similar to mast cells except circulate in the blood)

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20
Q

How neutrophil from blood into CT?

A 
Diapedisis 
Bind to glycoprotein on endothelial cell surface
Form pseudopodia (polymerisation of actin filaments)
Move between endothelial cells
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21
Q

Mast cell structural feature?

A

Large no of granules containing histamine, heparin, proteases.
20-30um on EM.

Ig receptors

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22
Q

Function of IG E receptors on mast cells?

A

Inflammatory process
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction - first exposure become sensitive. Second exposure primary and secondary (phospholipids - arachitonic acid) released.

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23
Q

Plasma cell life span and differentiate from?

Diameter?

A

B lymphocytes
2-4 weeks
20um

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24
Q

Plasma cells have large no, of … To produce immunoglobins?

A

RER

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25
Q

Plasma cells involved in …

A

antibody synthesis and secretion (constitutive) continuous.

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26
Q

Main constituents of collagen?

A

Proline, glycine, hydroxyproline

27
Q

Collagen in EM structure starting from a chain?

A 
Single A chain
A1-A2 helix
Tropocollagen
Microfibrils
Fibrils
28
Q

Collagen extra EM features?

A

Tropocollagen head to tail arrangement. Specific lateral arrangement.

Collagen striated - dark = gaps and lacuna, stain allowed to pass thru.
- length of lacuna and overlapping region (light) 64nm

29
Q

Length of 1 a chain?

A

95kDa there 3 a chain in a helix = 285kDa

30
Q

Which cells synthesise collagen and outline 8 steps?

A

Fibro, chrondro, osteo - blasts
Intracellular: Transcription, translation, hydroxylation, glycosylation, pro collagen form helix, secretion of procollagen by TGN.
Extracellular: cleavage if pro-peptides form tropocollagen molecules, self assembly - tropocollagen form collagen fibrils

31
Q

Importance of cross links?

A

Improve strength

Not easily digested by enzymes and not removed

32
Q

Importance of hydroxylation of proline and glycine in RER?

A

Form specific AA residues - form lateral cross-links

33
Q

Collagen maturation (sif)

A

Stronger than steel, inelastic, flexible

34
Q

Which processes collagen synthesis occurs in RER

A

Translation of procollagen
Hydroxylation
Glycosylation
Procollagen triple helix formed

35
Q

Relationship between reticular fibres and collagen?

A

Different arrangement and length of collagen - similar chemical properties

36
Q

Degradation of collagen 2 methods

A

1) fibroblasts undergo phagocytosis - phagosome - lysosome - residual body
2) MMP - Matrix metalloproteinases - these include collagenases (degrade type 1,2,3,10 collagen) - synthesised by cancer cells, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, epithelial cells (keratinocytes).

37
Q

Which type of MMP do cancer cells produce?

A

Membrane-type mmp

Potent peri cellular fibrolytic activity

38
Q

What degrades elastin, type 4 collagen and laminin?

A

Macrophage metalloelastases

39
Q

What are collagen crimps?

A

Waves in tendons 50um long.

Relationship between structure and biomechanical properties.

40
Q

Reticular fibres organs?

A

Liver, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

41
Q

Retucular fibre stain?

A

High carb - silver stain - argyrophillic fibres

42
Q

Reticular fibres structural info?

A

Type 3 collagen 0.5-1.0um in diameter.
Loose 3d network.
Parallel fibrils form reticular fibre

43
Q

How much is dry weight is collagen?

A

30%

44
Q

Macrophages - function of release of cytokines?

A

Stimulate immune response

45
Q

Collagenopathy most common in type 3 collagen?

A

Ehlers-danlos syndrome.
Pathology : defective procollagen peptidase. Non helical procollagen ends. Defective collagen fibrils
Symptoms : hyper-elasticity of skin. Joint dislocation

46
Q

Marfan syndrome?

A 
Protein fibrillin 1 deficiency.
Therefore elastin fibre irregularity.
Defects in blood vessels. 
May lead to aneurysm of Aorta.
Patients tall, skinny, shrimpy
47
Q

5 pathologies associated with MMPs?

A

Wound healing, inflammation, atherosclerosis, tumour invasion, fibrosis

48
Q

MMP

What stimulates cell to produce pro MMP - via enzymes - active MMP leading to degradation of ECM?

A

Growth factors and cytokines.

MMP cause ECM remodelling.

49
Q

What do gelatinases degrade?

A

Denatured collagen, fibronectin, elastin, laminin.

50
Q

Where are elastin fibres found?

A

Lungs, blood vessels ( marfan syndrome ), bladder, skin

In grazing animals - nuchal ligament

51
Q

Elastin fibres what colour stain?

A

Black lines

52
Q

Characteristics of elastic fibres?

A

Elastic
Stretched 150% of resting length
Non striated
Maybe branched - anastomosed - form a network

53
Q

Elastic fibres structure?

A

Amorphous - elastin
Microfibril component - fibrilin sheets
Elastin = core

54
Q

What 2 AA allows covalent bonding between elastin molecules?

A

Desmosine and isodesmosine.
Specific AA to elastin.
Derived from. 4 lysine residues.

55
Q

Name the 4 main structural glycoproteins in CT?

A

Fibronectin
Laminin
Entactin
Nidogen

56
Q

Fibronectin function in CT/ECM?

A

Binding site for ecm components

Recptors on cell membrane surface

57
Q

Proteoglycans structure?

A

Monomer - GAGs attached to central protein

Covalently linked to hyaluronic acid

58
Q

Function of proteoglycans in ecm of ct?

A

Form proteoglycan aggregates - bind to water and collagen

Covalently linked to hyaluronic acid

59
Q

Laminins size and function?

A

800kda in the bm

Regulate interaction between ecm and cell

60
Q

Function of SPARC?

A

Regulate cell cycle

Modulate growth factors and cell-ecm interaction.

61
Q

When is sparc high produced highly?

A

Tissue remodelling

62
Q

Sparc pathogensis

A

Cell detached from ECM components.
Fibrosis. Tumour occurs.
May metastasise into blood.

63
Q

Sparc, where found in cell?

A

Nuclear matrix of proliferatingcytosol in neurons

64
Q

3 types of connective tissue (broad terms with subtypes)?

A

Proper - dense, reg/irregular, loose, adipose, reticular, elastic,
Supportive - bone, cartilage
Fluid - blood and lymph

Histology (17 decks)

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