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neuro-psych > Block2-Behavior > Flashcards

Block2-Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioral genetics believes certain traits can be traced back to one what?

A

gene

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2
Q

Genotype, environment, and what are amenable to systemic scientific inquiry?

A

phenotype

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3
Q

The proband, research subject, is evaluated based on what kind of studies?

A

Family risk studies

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4
Q

During twin studies, if there is a discrepancy, normally due to environmental factors, the higher rate will be seen where?

A

Monozygotic > Dizygotic

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5
Q

Various psychiatric symptoms such as depression, psychosis, and dementia/major neurocognitive disorder

What chromosome number?

A

Huntington’s Disease

Chromosome 3

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6
Q

Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder, chromosome number 1

A

Alzheimer Disease

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7
Q

Anxiety, insomnia, lability of mood, depression and psychosis (w/delusions and hallucinations)

What chromosome number is it?

A

Acute intermittent Porphyria

11

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8
Q

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mental retardation/intellectual disability

What chromosome number is this?

A

Phenyl-ketonuria

12

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9
Q

What is wilson’s disease?

What chromosome number is this?

A

Depression, personality changes, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder

13

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10
Q

What is Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety?
Chromosome 14

A

Alzheimer Disease

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11
Q

Discontrol of language and movements

What chromosome number?

A

Tourette Syndrome

Chromosome 18

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12
Q

What gene is near Alzheimer’s disease, APO E4 gene?

A

Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (typical age at onset for ALZ)
Chromosome 19

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13
Q

Cognitive regression, aphasia, mental retardation/intellectual disability

Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety

Chromosome 21

A

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy

ALZ associated with Down Syndrome

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14
Q

Autistic behavior, mental retardation/intellectual disability
Is what chromosome number, normally seen in boys?

A

Fragile X

Chromosome X

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15
Q

Autistic behavior (former member of DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorders]), stereotyped hand movements [e.g., hand-wringing], breathing abnormalities

Is seen in what chromosome?

A

Rett’s Syndrome

Chromosome X

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16
Q

The cerebral hemisphere containing speech representation, and controlling preferential arm and leg use in skilled movements, is known as the dominant hemisphere. It is usually the _________HEMISPHERE

A

LEFT

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17
Q

The __________[“nondominant”] hemisphere is associated primarily with perception; it is also associated with spatial relations, body image, and musical and artistic ability. It is activated for intuition-type problem solving. Stroke damage here is more likely to lead to apathy, indifference and flattened affect [emotional unexpressiveness], than depression.

A

right

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18
Q

Damage to what side will most likely cause depression?

What side of the brain does calculations?

A

Left Side

Left Side

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19
Q

_______ have a larger corpus callosum and anterior commissure, and thus appear to have greater interhemispheric communication than men.
________ may have greater development of the right hemispheres, and tend to score highly in spatial tasks

A

Women

Men

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20
Q

Implicit or __________ memory involves information on how to to perform an act and is unconsciously recalled.

A

nondeclarative

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21
Q

Important functions for the ____________ include speech (Broca’s area, involved in the expressive aspect of speech), regulation of personality and emotional expression, abstract thought, memory, executive function, the capacity to initiate and stop tasks, and concentration

A

frontal lobes

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22
Q

They result in impaired memory, psychomotor seizures, and changes in aggressive behavior. If a lobe of the brain is lesioned?

A

Temporal lobe, language emotion, and memory, Boileau also says epilepsy here

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23
Q

Lesions of the right lobe of the ___________ results in dysphoria, iritability, and decreased visual and musical ability

A

temporal cortex

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24
Q

Lesions of the left ____________lobe results in euphoria, auditory hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and inability to understand language/poor verbal comprehension (Wernicke aphasia).

A

temporal lobe

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25
Q

Lesions of the ______________ cause denial of illness, neglect of the opposite side

A

parietal cortex

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26
Q

The patient either denies have an illness or is not aware of it, left hemiparesis, may deny the presence of a paralyzed limb?

A

Anosognosia

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27
Q

__________ e. g., failure to respond to half of the visual field and possibly also ignore tactile and auditory stimuli, resulting in e.g., not washing or dressing opposite side of body)

A

hemispatial neglect

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28
Q

_________________ is rare because there is redundant processing of the right space by both the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Right-sided spatial neglect

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29
Q

Hemispatial neglect results most commonly from the oppossite side of the body, it is not due to a lack of what?

A

sensation

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30
Q

In most left-dominant brains the left space, however, is only processed by the ______ cerebral hemisphere.

A

right

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31
Q

What DSM class is Hemispatial neglect?

A

DSM-5

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32
Q

_____________ is the inability to copy drawings or to manipulate objects to form patterns or designs, involves impaired processing of visual-spatial information

A

Construction apraxia

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33
Q

Destruction of the _________ cortex results in cortical blindness.
Lesions may cause visual hallucinations and illusions, inability to identify camouflaged objects.

A

occipital

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34
Q

Due to bilateral occlusion of posterior cerebral arteries. Cortical blindness occurs, along with failure to acknowledge the blindness. The latter may be due to the interruption of fibers involved in self-assessment. What disease is this?

A

Anton Syndrome

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35
Q

The ___________ is responsible for the regulation of a number of physiologic responses. It has been implicated in involuntary internal responses that accompany emotional strategy and behaviors.

A

hypothalamus

increased heart and respiration, regulation of endocrine balance, control of eating, regulation of body temp.

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36
Q

Destruction of the lateral hypothalamus leads to what?

Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in what?

A

anorexia and starvation

hyperphagia (crazy eating habits) and obesity

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37
Q

What lesion in the brain has changes in sleep-wake mechanisms and loss of consciousness?

A

Reticular activating system

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38
Q

The hippocamus is important for what?

A

memory and new learning

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39
Q

What is considered the “Gate” through which internal and external stimuli are integrated?

A

Amygdala, helps with emotional memory

40
Q

What bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobes including the amygdala, causes no fear, sexual hyperactivity and hyperorality, and a high rage threshold?

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

41
Q

Korsakoff is the lack of what vitamin? Normally done with alcoholism

A

B1, if damage to the thalamus is no longer treatable if damage occurs

42
Q

The ________ function in the initiation and control of movement, procedural learning , routine behaviors or “habits” such asbruxism (tooth grinding), eye movements,cognition,and emotion.

A

basal ganglia

43
Q

Chorea is what?

A

movement disorder characterized by random and involuntary, quick, jerky, and purposeless movements.

44
Q

Athetosis is what?

A

slow, involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases.

45
Q

Sydenham’s chorea is what big disease that has motor and nonmotor?

What basal ganglia linked problems are there?

A

OCD

attention deficit and emotional lability

46
Q

With the basal ganglia, what is too high and too low in OCD?

A

Dopaminergic hyperfunction prefrontal cortex

Serotinergic hypofunction at the basal ganglia

47
Q

What is a rare hereditary disorder that involves the calcification of the basal ganglia? The symptoms are said to resemble the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Fahr Disease

48
Q

Implicit memory

A

unconscious, how to perform a certain task

49
Q

What part of the brainstem is important during REM sleep?

What is the major neurotransmitter through here?

A

Pons

Norepinephrine

50
Q

The_____________ is anucleus in the pons involved withphysiological responses to stress and panic. It is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine.

A

locus coeruleus

51
Q

What may have some cognitive functions, such as attention and language, and in the regulation of fear and pleasure responses? Primarily known for it’s motor movement, and “fine tune” motor movement

A

cerebellum

52
Q

What are the three types of neurotransmitters?

A

Biogenic amines, amino acids, and peptides

53
Q

The concentration of ____________in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome

A

The concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome

54
Q

Low Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine are what psych condition?

A

Depression

55
Q

High dopamine and low GABA is what psych condition?

A

Mania

56
Q

What is high Dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate?

A

Schizophrenia

57
Q

What is low GABA, serotonin, and high norepinephrine?

A

Anxiety

58
Q

What is low acetylcholine and high glutamate?

A

Alzheimer Disease

59
Q

________ theory of depression hypothesizes that lowered monoamine activity results in depression.

A

monoamine

60
Q

What is elevated homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease?

A

Schizophrenia and other conditions involving psychosis

61
Q

What is low homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease, also has depression?

A

parkinson disease

62
Q

What neurotransmitter has low VMA, high MHPG, adrenal medulla tumor, severe depression and attempted suicide?

A

Norepinephrine

63
Q

What is severe depression, attempted suicide, aggressiveness and violence, impulsiveness, fire setting, Tourette syndrome, low 5-HIAA?

A

Serotonin

64
Q

L-Dopa to DOPA uses what enzyme?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

65
Q

What neurotransmitter is the reward center, Parkinson Disease, and conditioned fear?

A

Dopamine

66
Q

If someone is asked to draw a clock for parietal hemispatial neglect?

A

Only numbers 12-6 or all 12 numbers on one half of the clock face, the other side being distorted or left blank

67
Q

What is the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic drugs/agents?

A

D2

68
Q

The lack or regulation of muscle tone and movement is what?

What is another way that this can happen?

A

Parkinson disease

Treatment with antipsychotic drugs, block postsynaptic dopamine receptors

69
Q

The Tuberoinfundibular tract is inhibited by the secretion of what neurotransmitter?

What hormone secretion is blocked?

A

Dopamine

Prolactin

70
Q

Dopamine receptor blockade inhibits what kind of release? What does this hormone do?

A

Prolactin

Breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction

71
Q

The mesolimibic-mesocortical tract is associated with what?

A

Psychotic disorders

72
Q

The hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the mesolimbic and mesocortical tract are associated with what disease?

A

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

73
Q

What is syndrome is associated with a hyperactive dopamine system, given antipsychotics (Haloperidol) may be used in treatment when the symptoms are severe?

A

Tourette

74
Q

What enzyme is need to make dopamine to norephinephrine?

A

Beta-hydroxylase

75
Q

Elevation of ____________ is thought to be associated with improved mood, sleep, and delayed orgasm?

A

Serotonin

76
Q

The serotonin system is targeted by atypical ____________.

A

Antipsychotics

77
Q

Serotonin has inhibitory influences on behavior. Low Serotonin is associated with poor what?

A

Impulse control

78
Q

What medication is used for action of anti-depressant treatments?

A

5HT

79
Q

What drugs block reuptake of fluoxetine, serotonin, norepinephrine,?

A

Heterocyclic antidepressants

80
Q

MAOIs are used to prevent the degradation of what neurotransmitters?

A

Serotonin, Norepinephrine

81
Q

What enzyme is used to move tryptophan to serotonin?

A

tryptophan hydroxylase and by an amino acid decarboxylase

82
Q

What is the cell body in the brain contained in the dorsal raphe nucleus?

A

Serotonergic cell bodies

83
Q

An ethylamine or __________ is a psychoactive drug, that if block cause sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain?

A

Histamine

84
Q

What is the degradation of cholinergic neurons that can cause diseases?

A

Alzheimer Disease, Down Syndrome, sleep disorder

85
Q

Low acetylcholine levels are associated with what?

A

Dementias/major neurocognitive disorder

86
Q

What is the brain area that is involved in the production of Ach?

A

Basalis of Meynert

87
Q

Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are medications used to delay Alzheimer disease, what neurotransmitter is used?

A

Acetylcholine

88
Q

What neurotransmitters are used mostly in the brain?

A

GABA and glycine

89
Q

Glutamate/Glutamic acid is major firing in what pathway?

A

Visual pathway

90
Q

What drug is an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors?

A

Angel Dust

91
Q

What drug is a blocker of the NMDA receptor (a glutamate receptor) that has been approved to treat Alzheimer disease?

A

Memantine

92
Q

GABA is synthesized from glutamate, via what enzyme?

What vitamin is needed?

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

B6

93
Q

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates increase the affinity for what?

A

GABA(a)

94
Q

Anticonvulsants: potentiate the activity of what neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

95
Q

A personality change is normally due to a lesion where in the brain?

A

frontal lobes or subcortical structures

96
Q

What disease may occur, whose symptoms include agraphia (inability to write), acalculia (inability to perform calculations), finger agnosia (patient is unable to recognize the fingers on his own, or someone else’s hands), and right-left disorientation.

A

Gertsmann Syndrome

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