Block2-Behavior Flashcards
Behavioral genetics believes certain traits can be traced back to one what?
gene
Genotype, environment, and what are amenable to systemic scientific inquiry?
phenotype
The proband, research subject, is evaluated based on what kind of studies?
Family risk studies
During twin studies, if there is a discrepancy, normally due to environmental factors, the higher rate will be seen where?
Monozygotic > Dizygotic
Various psychiatric symptoms such as depression, psychosis, and dementia/major neurocognitive disorder
What chromosome number?
Huntington’s Disease
Chromosome 3
Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder, chromosome number 1
Alzheimer Disease
Anxiety, insomnia, lability of mood, depression and psychosis (w/delusions and hallucinations)
What chromosome number is it?
Acute intermittent Porphyria
11
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mental retardation/intellectual disability
What chromosome number is this?
Phenyl-ketonuria
12
What is wilson’s disease?
What chromosome number is this?
Depression, personality changes, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder
13
What is Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety?
Chromosome 14
Alzheimer Disease
Discontrol of language and movements
What chromosome number?
Tourette Syndrome
Chromosome 18
What gene is near Alzheimer’s disease, APO E4 gene?
Depression, anxiety, dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (typical age at onset for ALZ)
Chromosome 19
Cognitive regression, aphasia, mental retardation/intellectual disability
Dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (early onset ALZ), depression, anxiety
Chromosome 21
Progressive myoclonic epilepsy
ALZ associated with Down Syndrome
Autistic behavior, mental retardation/intellectual disability
Is what chromosome number, normally seen in boys?
Fragile X
Chromosome X
Autistic behavior (former member of DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorders]), stereotyped hand movements [e.g., hand-wringing], breathing abnormalities
Is seen in what chromosome?
Rett’s Syndrome
Chromosome X
The cerebral hemisphere containing speech representation, and controlling preferential arm and leg use in skilled movements, is known as the dominant hemisphere. It is usually the _________HEMISPHERE
LEFT
The __________[“nondominant”] hemisphere is associated primarily with perception; it is also associated with spatial relations, body image, and musical and artistic ability. It is activated for intuition-type problem solving. Stroke damage here is more likely to lead to apathy, indifference and flattened affect [emotional unexpressiveness], than depression.
right
Damage to what side will most likely cause depression?
What side of the brain does calculations?
Left Side
Left Side
_______ have a larger corpus callosum and anterior commissure, and thus appear to have greater interhemispheric communication than men.
________ may have greater development of the right hemispheres, and tend to score highly in spatial tasks
Women
Men
Implicit or __________ memory involves information on how to to perform an act and is unconsciously recalled.
nondeclarative
Important functions for the ____________ include speech (Broca’s area, involved in the expressive aspect of speech), regulation of personality and emotional expression, abstract thought, memory, executive function, the capacity to initiate and stop tasks, and concentration
frontal lobes
They result in impaired memory, psychomotor seizures, and changes in aggressive behavior. If a lobe of the brain is lesioned?
Temporal lobe, language emotion, and memory, Boileau also says epilepsy here
Lesions of the right lobe of the ___________ results in dysphoria, iritability, and decreased visual and musical ability
temporal cortex
Lesions of the left ____________lobe results in euphoria, auditory hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and inability to understand language/poor verbal comprehension (Wernicke aphasia).
temporal lobe
Lesions of the ______________ cause denial of illness, neglect of the opposite side
parietal cortex
The patient either denies have an illness or is not aware of it, left hemiparesis, may deny the presence of a paralyzed limb?
Anosognosia
__________ e. g., failure to respond to half of the visual field and possibly also ignore tactile and auditory stimuli, resulting in e.g., not washing or dressing opposite side of body)
hemispatial neglect
_________________ is rare because there is redundant processing of the right space by both the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Right-sided spatial neglect
Hemispatial neglect results most commonly from the oppossite side of the body, it is not due to a lack of what?
sensation
In most left-dominant brains the left space, however, is only processed by the ______ cerebral hemisphere.
right
What DSM class is Hemispatial neglect?
DSM-5
_____________ is the inability to copy drawings or to manipulate objects to form patterns or designs, involves impaired processing of visual-spatial information
Construction apraxia
Destruction of the _________ cortex results in cortical blindness.
Lesions may cause visual hallucinations and illusions, inability to identify camouflaged objects.
occipital
Due to bilateral occlusion of posterior cerebral arteries. Cortical blindness occurs, along with failure to acknowledge the blindness. The latter may be due to the interruption of fibers involved in self-assessment. What disease is this?
Anton Syndrome
The ___________ is responsible for the regulation of a number of physiologic responses. It has been implicated in involuntary internal responses that accompany emotional strategy and behaviors.
hypothalamus
increased heart and respiration, regulation of endocrine balance, control of eating, regulation of body temp.
Destruction of the lateral hypothalamus leads to what?
Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus results in what?
anorexia and starvation
hyperphagia (crazy eating habits) and obesity
What lesion in the brain has changes in sleep-wake mechanisms and loss of consciousness?
Reticular activating system
The hippocamus is important for what?
memory and new learning
What is considered the “Gate” through which internal and external stimuli are integrated?
Amygdala, helps with emotional memory
What bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobes including the amygdala, causes no fear, sexual hyperactivity and hyperorality, and a high rage threshold?
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Korsakoff is the lack of what vitamin? Normally done with alcoholism
B1, if damage to the thalamus is no longer treatable if damage occurs
The ________ function in the initiation and control of movement, procedural learning , routine behaviors or “habits” such asbruxism (tooth grinding), eye movements,cognition,and emotion.
basal ganglia
Chorea is what?
movement disorder characterized by random and involuntary, quick, jerky, and purposeless movements.
Athetosis is what?
slow, involuntary convoluted, writhing movements of the fingers, hands, toes, and feet and in some cases.
Sydenham’s chorea is what big disease that has motor and nonmotor?
What basal ganglia linked problems are there?
OCD
attention deficit and emotional lability
With the basal ganglia, what is too high and too low in OCD?
Dopaminergic hyperfunction prefrontal cortex
Serotinergic hypofunction at the basal ganglia
What is a rare hereditary disorder that involves the calcification of the basal ganglia? The symptoms are said to resemble the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Fahr Disease
Implicit memory
unconscious, how to perform a certain task
What part of the brainstem is important during REM sleep?
What is the major neurotransmitter through here?
Pons
Norepinephrine
The_____________ is anucleus in the pons involved withphysiological responses to stress and panic. It is the principal site for brain synthesis of norepinephrine.
locus coeruleus
What may have some cognitive functions, such as attention and language, and in the regulation of fear and pleasure responses? Primarily known for it’s motor movement, and “fine tune” motor movement
cerebellum
What are the three types of neurotransmitters?
Biogenic amines, amino acids, and peptides
The concentration of ____________in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome
The concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft is closely related to mood and behavior/psychiatric outcome
Low Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine are what psych condition?
Depression
High dopamine and low GABA is what psych condition?
Mania
What is high Dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate?
Schizophrenia
What is low GABA, serotonin, and high norepinephrine?
Anxiety
What is low acetylcholine and high glutamate?
Alzheimer Disease
________ theory of depression hypothesizes that lowered monoamine activity results in depression.
monoamine
What is elevated homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease?
Schizophrenia and other conditions involving psychosis
What is low homovanillic acid, dopamine is what disease, also has depression?
parkinson disease
What neurotransmitter has low VMA, high MHPG, adrenal medulla tumor, severe depression and attempted suicide?
Norepinephrine
What is severe depression, attempted suicide, aggressiveness and violence, impulsiveness, fire setting, Tourette syndrome, low 5-HIAA?
Serotonin
L-Dopa to DOPA uses what enzyme?
tyrosine hydroxylase
What neurotransmitter is the reward center, Parkinson Disease, and conditioned fear?
Dopamine
If someone is asked to draw a clock for parietal hemispatial neglect?
Only numbers 12-6 or all 12 numbers on one half of the clock face, the other side being distorted or left blank
What is the major site of action for traditional antipsychotic drugs/agents?
D2
The lack or regulation of muscle tone and movement is what?
What is another way that this can happen?
Parkinson disease
Treatment with antipsychotic drugs, block postsynaptic dopamine receptors
The Tuberoinfundibular tract is inhibited by the secretion of what neurotransmitter?
What hormone secretion is blocked?
Dopamine
Prolactin
Dopamine receptor blockade inhibits what kind of release? What does this hormone do?
Prolactin
Breast enlargement, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunction
The mesolimibic-mesocortical tract is associated with what?
Psychotic disorders
The hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the mesolimbic and mesocortical tract are associated with what disease?
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
What is syndrome is associated with a hyperactive dopamine system, given antipsychotics (Haloperidol) may be used in treatment when the symptoms are severe?
Tourette
What enzyme is need to make dopamine to norephinephrine?
Beta-hydroxylase
Elevation of ____________ is thought to be associated with improved mood, sleep, and delayed orgasm?
Serotonin
The serotonin system is targeted by atypical ____________.
Antipsychotics
Serotonin has inhibitory influences on behavior. Low Serotonin is associated with poor what?
Impulse control
What medication is used for action of anti-depressant treatments?
5HT
What drugs block reuptake of fluoxetine, serotonin, norepinephrine,?
Heterocyclic antidepressants
MAOIs are used to prevent the degradation of what neurotransmitters?
Serotonin, Norepinephrine
What enzyme is used to move tryptophan to serotonin?
tryptophan hydroxylase and by an amino acid decarboxylase
What is the cell body in the brain contained in the dorsal raphe nucleus?
Serotonergic cell bodies
An ethylamine or __________ is a psychoactive drug, that if block cause sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain?
Histamine
What is the degradation of cholinergic neurons that can cause diseases?
Alzheimer Disease, Down Syndrome, sleep disorder
Low acetylcholine levels are associated with what?
Dementias/major neurocognitive disorder
What is the brain area that is involved in the production of Ach?
Basalis of Meynert
Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine are medications used to delay Alzheimer disease, what neurotransmitter is used?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitters are used mostly in the brain?
GABA and glycine
Glutamate/Glutamic acid is major firing in what pathway?
Visual pathway
What drug is an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors?
Angel Dust
What drug is a blocker of the NMDA receptor (a glutamate receptor) that has been approved to treat Alzheimer disease?
Memantine
GABA is synthesized from glutamate, via what enzyme?
What vitamin is needed?
Glutamic acid decarboxylase
B6
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates increase the affinity for what?
GABA(a)
Anticonvulsants: potentiate the activity of what neurotransmitter?
GABA
A personality change is normally due to a lesion where in the brain?
frontal lobes or subcortical structures
What disease may occur, whose symptoms include agraphia (inability to write), acalculia (inability to perform calculations), finger agnosia (patient is unable to recognize the fingers on his own, or someone else’s hands), and right-left disorientation.
Gertsmann Syndrome
