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Biopsych > Block 8/9 > Flashcards

Block 8/9 Flashcards

1
Q

produces genetically identical offspring; evolve slowly and adapt poorly to environmental challenge

A

asexual reproduction

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2
Q

produces offspring with reconstituted genomes, evolve quicker and adapt better to environmental change

A

sexual reproduction

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3
Q

contained in chromosomes

A

DNA (genetic code)

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4
Q

cells with 2 copies of each chromosome

A

diploid

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5
Q

cells with 1 copy of each chromosome

A

haploid

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6
Q

somatic cells of sexually reproducing organisms are (diploid/haploid)

A

diploid

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7
Q

gamete cells (reproductive cells) are (diploid/haploid)

A

haploid

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8
Q

2 haploid gametes combine to create a…

A

zygote

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9
Q

zygote is (diploid/haploid)

A

diploid

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10
Q

sexual reproduction requires __ (male and female of the same species)

A

gender

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11
Q

__ are required to produce gender

A

hormones

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12
Q

communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is restricted by the highly ___ ____

A

hydrophobic Blood-Brain Barrier

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13
Q

communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds

A

hydrophobic

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14
Q

steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

A

hydrophobic

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15
Q

communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body (is/is not) restricted by the blood brain barrier

A

is not

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16
Q

communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body can be mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds

A

hydrophilic

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17
Q

peptide hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)

A

hydrophilic

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18
Q

all peptides are produced originally as parts of larger proteins, known as __

A

precursor proteins

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19
Q

peptides are freed by precursor proteins by the process of __; allows the cell to have multiple responses to stress

A

proteolysis

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20
Q

a portal system through which the brain interacts chemically with the body

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

neurons in the hypothalamus release their peptide hormones directly into the blood supply via the ___

A

posterior pituitary

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22
Q

peptide hormone involved in water retention

A

vasopressin

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23
Q

peptide hormone that controls uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown from breasts

A

oxytocin

24
Q

the synthesis and release of peptide hormones occurs from cells located in the __; these cells are called __

A

anterior pituitary; pituicytes

25
Q

synthesis/release of hormones from the pituicytes are controlled by neurons located in the __

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

synthesize POMC and thus secrete ACTH into the blood supply

A

corticotrophs

27
Q

release of corticotrophs from the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by ____ cells in the hypothalamus

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

28
Q

synthesize and secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) into the blood supply

A

gonadotrophs

29
Q

release of gonadotrophs from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by __ cells located in the hypothalamus

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

30
Q

feedback from the endocrine structures results in __

A

body homeostasis

31
Q

in __ feedback, the product acts to inhibit the release of the hormone

A

negative

32
Q

steroid hormones can have __ effects which are slow acting and activate genes

A

genomic

33
Q

steroid hormones can have __ effects which are fast acting and activate second messengers, similarly to neurotransmitters

A

non-genomic

34
Q

What is the organizational effect of steroid hormones?

A

the physical differences between genders

35
Q

What is the activational effect of steroid hormones?

A

produces gametes and permits the expression of sexual physiology

36
Q

__ is the building block for all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

37
Q

__ and __ are the steroid hormones responsible for female reproduction

A

progesterone and estradiol (estrogen)

38
Q

__ is responsible for the organizational and activational role in male reproduction

A

testosterone

39
Q

male and female stress hormone

A

cortisol

40
Q

testosterone can be converted into estrogen via __

A

aromatase

41
Q

testosterone can be converted to di-hydrotestosterone by __, which adds hydrogens

A

5a-reductase

42
Q

it is not the presence of a steroid but the __ that determine gender

A

quantities

43
Q

Where is testosterone made in females?

A

adrenal gland

44
Q

steroid responsiveness is determined by __

A

presence/concentration of receptor

45
Q

primary sexual characteristics

A

genotype (XX or XY)

46
Q

signals for the formation of testes instead of ovaries, sensitive to testosterone

A

testes determination factor (TDF)

47
Q

mammalian development initially follows a (male/female) program of development

A

female

48
Q

secondary sexual characteristics

A

phenotype (what you look like)

49
Q

__ is determined by presence or absence of estrogen/testosterone activity

A

phenotype

50
Q

XY genotype but unresponsive to androgen due to receptor mutation, so they develop as the default phenotype

A

testicular feminization syndrome (TFM)

51
Q

testosterone levels __ from puberty to 20, then __ after age 60

A

increase, decrease

52
Q

in mammals, the majority of factors that determine whether sex behavior will lead to conception is under the control of __

A

females

53
Q

first theory of female sex behavior; females are passive and accepting of male sexual activity

A

receptivity

54
Q

second theory of female sex behavior; females are discriminate, and only accept advances from dominant males

A

selectivity

55
Q

third theory of female sex behavior; females are aggressive and actively seek sexual contact even in the presence of negative/punishing influence

A

proceptivity

Biopsych (11 decks)

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