Block 8/9 Flashcards
produces genetically identical offspring; evolve slowly and adapt poorly to environmental challenge
asexual reproduction
produces offspring with reconstituted genomes, evolve quicker and adapt better to environmental change
sexual reproduction
contained in chromosomes
DNA (genetic code)
cells with 2 copies of each chromosome
diploid
cells with 1 copy of each chromosome
haploid
somatic cells of sexually reproducing organisms are (diploid/haploid)
diploid
gamete cells (reproductive cells) are (diploid/haploid)
haploid
2 haploid gametes combine to create a…
zygote
zygote is (diploid/haploid)
diploid
sexual reproduction requires __ (male and female of the same species)
gender
__ are required to produce gender
hormones
communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is restricted by the highly ___ ____
hydrophobic Blood-Brain Barrier
communication between the glands of the body and the CNS is mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds
hydrophobic
steroid hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
hydrophobic
communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body (is/is not) restricted by the blood brain barrier
is not
communication between the CNS and glands/organs of the body can be mediated by (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) compounds
hydrophilic
peptide hormones are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
hydrophilic
all peptides are produced originally as parts of larger proteins, known as __
precursor proteins
peptides are freed by precursor proteins by the process of __; allows the cell to have multiple responses to stress
proteolysis
a portal system through which the brain interacts chemically with the body
pituitary gland
neurons in the hypothalamus release their peptide hormones directly into the blood supply via the ___
posterior pituitary
peptide hormone involved in water retention
vasopressin
peptide hormone that controls uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown from breasts
oxytocin
the synthesis and release of peptide hormones occurs from cells located in the __; these cells are called __
anterior pituitary; pituicytes
synthesis/release of hormones from the pituicytes are controlled by neurons located in the __
hypothalamus
synthesize POMC and thus secrete ACTH into the blood supply
corticotrophs
release of corticotrophs from the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by ____ cells in the hypothalamus
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
synthesize and secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) into the blood supply
gonadotrophs
release of gonadotrophs from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by __ cells located in the hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
feedback from the endocrine structures results in __
body homeostasis
in __ feedback, the product acts to inhibit the release of the hormone
negative
steroid hormones can have __ effects which are slow acting and activate genes
genomic
steroid hormones can have __ effects which are fast acting and activate second messengers, similarly to neurotransmitters
non-genomic
What is the organizational effect of steroid hormones?
the physical differences between genders
What is the activational effect of steroid hormones?
produces gametes and permits the expression of sexual physiology
__ is the building block for all steroid hormones
cholesterol
__ and __ are the steroid hormones responsible for female reproduction
progesterone and estradiol (estrogen)
__ is responsible for the organizational and activational role in male reproduction
testosterone
male and female stress hormone
cortisol
testosterone can be converted into estrogen via __
aromatase
testosterone can be converted to di-hydrotestosterone by __, which adds hydrogens
5a-reductase
it is not the presence of a steroid but the __ that determine gender
quantities
Where is testosterone made in females?
adrenal gland
steroid responsiveness is determined by __
presence/concentration of receptor
primary sexual characteristics
genotype (XX or XY)
signals for the formation of testes instead of ovaries, sensitive to testosterone
testes determination factor (TDF)
mammalian development initially follows a (male/female) program of development
female
secondary sexual characteristics
phenotype (what you look like)
__ is determined by presence or absence of estrogen/testosterone activity
phenotype
XY genotype but unresponsive to androgen due to receptor mutation, so they develop as the default phenotype
testicular feminization syndrome (TFM)
testosterone levels __ from puberty to 20, then __ after age 60
increase, decrease
in mammals, the majority of factors that determine whether sex behavior will lead to conception is under the control of __
females
first theory of female sex behavior; females are passive and accepting of male sexual activity
receptivity
second theory of female sex behavior; females are discriminate, and only accept advances from dominant males
selectivity
third theory of female sex behavior; females are aggressive and actively seek sexual contact even in the presence of negative/punishing influence
proceptivity
