Block 6

Question 1

The concept that sensory systems filter stimuli to concentrate on novel stimuli

Answer 1

adaptation

Question 2

The intensity of a stimulus is represented by ___

Answer 2

action potential frequency

Question 3

Each sensory system in the brain has __ and __ structures devoted to that sensory function

Answer 3

cortical; sub-cortical

Question 4

somatic sensation is…

Answer 4

feelings from the body

Question 5

3 factors that contribute to bodily awareness in space

Answer 5

pressure from the body surface, vibration of the skin, and deflection of hair on the body surface

Question 6

free nerve endings of small, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers that transport information regarding noxious stimuli to the CNS

Answer 6

nociceptors

Question 7

tissue damage depolarizes __ directly

Answer 7

nociceptors

Question 8

changing physical energy in the form of pressure, stretch, or vibration into neural energy

Answer 8

transduction

Question 9

sensory organs that accomplish transduction for nerve endings

Answer 9

mechanoreceptors

Question 10

___ located in the DRG have very specialized neurites projecting into the periphery that conduct action potentials

Answer 10

primary sensory neurons

Question 11

produced when neurites transduce physical energy into neural energy by directly depolarizing the most peripheral

Answer 11

generator potential

Question 12

graded in amplitude according to strength of the stimulus; this amplitude is converted into action potential frequency in the neurite

Answer 12

generator potentials

Question 13

generator potential intensity is represented by __ of action potential firing

Answer 13

frequency

Question 14

generator potentials are __: do not exist for the duration of the stimulus

Answer 14

self-terminating

Question 15

sensory information ends up in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe as the primary ___

Answer 15

sensory homunculus

Question 16

the somatotopic map (__) is a neural representation of the body surface

Answer 16

homunculus

Question 17

3 parts of the ear

Answer 17

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Question 18

outer ear; flaps of skin and cartilage that focus sound waves

Answer 18

pinna

Question 19

separates the outer from the middle ear

Answer 19

eardrum/tympanic membrane

Question 20

middle ear; vibrations cause compression of the tympanic membrane, which moves the first of three tiny bones, the __

Answer 20

malleus (mallet)

Question 21

middle ear; the malleus hammers into the __, which vibrates the __

Answer 21

incus (anvil); stapes (stirrup)

Question 22

the moving of the three tiny bones deforms a membrane called the __, which separates the air filled middle ear from the fluid filled inner ear

Answer 22

oval window

Question 23

main 2 parts of the inner ear

Answer 23

cochlea and vestibular apparatus

Question 24

deformation of the oval window causes movement of fluid and structures in the __

Answer 24

cochlea

Question 25

inner ear; a fluid filled chamber in the middle of the cochlea (cochlear duct)

Answer 25

scala media

Question 26

inner ear; resonant structure within the cochlear duct that houses neurons that transduce sound energy into neural energy

Answer 26

basilar membrane

Question 27

basilar membrane becomes deformed by the fluid wave and the shearing force bends ___, which activates or inhibits the associated neurite

Answer 27

stereocilia on hair cell

Question 28

when stereocilia bends one way, Ca fluxes into neurite and __ the nerve fiber

Answer 28

depolarizes

Question 29

when stereocilia bends the opposite way, K fluxes out of neurite and __ the nerve fiber

Answer 29

hyperpolarizes

Question 30

attached to cochlea; controls balance and angular movements

Answer 30

vestibular system

Question 31

brain determines body position with respect to gravity, using two inner ear structures, the __ and __

Answer 31

utricle, saccule

Question 32

each chamber of the vestibular system contains sensory hair cells with __

Answer 32

stereocilia

Question 33

stereocilia are bent by the action of calcium carbonate crystals called __ in cochlear fluid

Answer 33

otoliths

Question 34

head movement in any direction starts a __ in hair cells

Answer 34

generator potential

Question 35

lobe associated primarily with motor function

Answer 35

frontal

Question 36

lobe associated primarily with sensory function

Answer 36

parietal

Question 37

first fold rostral to the central sulcus

Answer 37

precentral gyrus

Question 38

What kind of neurons does the motor homunculus contain?

Answer 38

pyramidal motor neurons

Question 39

stimulating this activates axon collaterals innervating lower motor neurons in the ventral horn at several levels of the spinal cord; produces localized movements involving several muscles and joints

Answer 39

motor cortex

Question 40

~30,000 giant pyramidal cells (betz cells) in each primary motor cortex

Answer 40

pyramidal system

Question 41

midbrain structure that exerts a diffuse and coordinating influence over the output of neurons in the primary motor cortex

Answer 41

basal ganglia

Question 42

3 areas that are prone to a number of diseases whose symptoms always include inhibition of voluntary movements and initiation of motor movements

Answer 42

caudate, putamen (striatum) and globus pallidus

Question 43

basal ganglia has a role in __ aspects of motor performance

Answer 43

volitional

Question 44

__ is vulnerable to blockage (stroke)

Answer 44

basal ganglia

Question 45

vascular supply of the internal capsule and striatum has __ (fine arteries) and __ (fine veins)

Answer 45

arterioles, venules

Question 46

__ stroke consequence; loss of blood flow

Answer 46

first; ischemia

Question 47

__ stroke consequence; inadequate oxygen

Answer 47

second; hypoxia

Question 48

__ stroke consequence; absence of oxygen

Answer 48

third; anoxia

Question 49

__ stroke consequence; tissue damage

Answer 49

fourth; infarct

Question 50

deficit in striatal dopamine levels secreted by substantia nigra neurons; characterized by an inability to initiate movement (akinesia) and a pill rolling tremor

Answer 50

Parkinson's

Question 51

Parkinson's treatment that loses effectiveness as disease proceeds because it treats the symptoms, not the disease

Answer 51

L-dopa

Question 52

Parkinson's treatment that is controversial

Answer 52

transplant dopaminergic tissue

Question 53

deficit in striatal cells secreting ACh and GABA; excess of undesired movements and lack of muscle tone

Answer 53

Huntington's

Question 54

sudden limb movements in Huntington's; called __ when violent

Answer 54

choreas; hemiballismus

Question 55

dorsal to pons and 4th ventricle; exerts a precise and coordinated, but limited influence over the activity of the extrapyramidal system, especially with respect to motor execution

Answer 55

hindbrain

Question 56

most caudally in the flocculonodular lobe; involved in balance and eye movements

Answer 56

vestribulocerebellum

Question 57

the bulk of the human cerebellum; involved in motor execution

Answer 57

spinocerebellum

Question 58

surrounds the spinocerebellum laterally and dorsally; involved in motor planning

Answer 58

corticocerebellum

Question 59

seizures in only part of the body; results from unbounded excitation in a restricted brain region

Answer 59

focal epilepsy

Question 60

seizures involving the entire body

Answer 60

generalized epilepsy

Question 61

absence seizures; not dramatic or life threatening

Answer 61

petit mal

Question 62

forceful muscle constriction causing rigidity (tonus) followed by dramatic jerking movements (clonus)

Answer 62

grand mal seizures