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Biopsych > Block 7 > Flashcards

Block 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the problem with pain definitions?

A

context dependent nature

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2
Q

2 categories of operational definitions of pain

A

noxious and objectionable

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3
Q

a stimulus that causes tissue damage

A

noxious stimuli

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4
Q

a stimulus that does not cause tissue damage, but is still painful/unpleasant

A

objectionable stimuli

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5
Q

pleasure circuit that uses a catecholamine

A

dopamine

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6
Q

pleasure circuit that uses a class of peptide transmitters

A

endogenous opiates

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7
Q

a dense fiber tract (collection of axons projecting from hindbrain to forebrain), produces the highest rate of self-stimulation at lower electrical intensities

A

medial forebrain bundle

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8
Q

6 areas that the medial forebrain bundle projects to

A

cingulate gyrus, septum, amygdala, olfactory and frontal neocortex, parts of basal ganglia, and nucleus accumbens

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9
Q

cells of origin for the medial forebrain bundle contain __ as their neurotransmitter

A

dopamine

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10
Q

2 dopamine containing cell bodies

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum

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11
Q

DA projection from the substantia nigra, projects to the striatum

A

nigrostriatal pathway

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12
Q

nigrostriatal pathway shows the relationship between dopamine and __

A

motor behavior

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13
Q

DA projection from the ventral tegmentum to the neocortex

A

mesocortical pathway

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14
Q

DA projection from the VTA to the limbic system/nucleus accumbens

A

mesolimbic pathway

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15
Q

the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways show the strong link between dopamine and __

A

reward

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16
Q

VTA sends DA projections via MFB to the ___

A

nucleus accumbens

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17
Q

injections of a dopamine __ into the NAc block the rewarding quality of MFB stimulation

A

antagonist

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18
Q

__ is a key site in reward mechanisms

A

nucleus accumbens

19
Q

injecting a DA __ will make an animal do anything for reward

A

agonist

20
Q

two drugs that increase dopamine availability in the synapse

A

cocaine and amphetamine

21
Q

two opposing systems that control pain

A

ascending nociceptor system, descending analgesia system

22
Q

cause of inflammation

A

cells release of histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandin, and serotonin

23
Q

nociception is carried to the spinal cord by small unmyelinated fibers (__) and by small myelinated fibers (__

A

c-fibers, a-delta fibers

24
Q

c and a-delta fibers terminate in edges of the __

A

dorsal horn

25
Q

peptide located heavily in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; areas of c-fiber and a-delta fiber termination

A

substance p

26
Q

pain insensitivity syndrome in humans is caused by a depletion of spinal __

A

substance p

27
Q

reduce levels of substance p cause severe losses in __

A

nociception

28
Q

type of second-order nociceptor cells located in the edges of the dorsal horn; receive contacts from both a-delta and c-fibers, and only respond to noxious stimuli

A

nociceptive specific cells

29
Q

type of second-order nociceptor cells located deeper in the dorsal horn; receive contacts from a-delta receptors and mechanoreceptors (pressure)

A

wide dynamic range cells

30
Q

electrical stimulation of a number of areas within the __ will render an animal analgesic, or unresponsive to noxious stimuli

A

brainstem

31
Q

2 brainstem structures involved in analgesia

A

periaqueductal gray region, and raphe nucleus

32
Q

what mediates analgesia?

A

endogenous opiate-like molecules

33
Q

located in pituitary and brain, comprised of 31 amino acids

A

endorphins

34
Q

located in spinal cord and adrenal gland, smaller pentapeptides (5 amino acids)

A

enkephalins

35
Q

enkephalins co-localize with ___ (nociceptors) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

substance p

36
Q

enkephalins produce pain control presynaptically by inhibiting the release of __ by first-order nociceptor cells

A

substance p

37
Q

pain control is called

A

analgesia

38
Q

opioids produce spinal analgesia by ___

A

presynaptic inhibition

39
Q

opioid signal inhibits __ flux into presynaptic terminal, which deactivates __ potential, and inhibits release of __

A

calcium; presynaptic; substance p

40
Q

__ is contained in presynaptic terminals in the periaqueductal gray region; when it is released onto PAG neurons it causes analgesia

A

beta-endorphin

41
Q

part of stress-induced analgesia is __ mediated

A

opioid

42
Q

what causes a runner’s high?

A

release of endorphins and enkephalins

43
Q

what causes the learned helplessness model (animals)?

A

ACTH (stress hormone), cholecystokinin, and other neuropeptides

Biopsych (11 decks)

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