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Biopsych > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

individual, highly specialized cells in the brain

A

neurons

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2
Q

functional space in which neurons communicate

A

synapse

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3
Q

cell body

A

soma

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4
Q

cellular fibers emerging from the soma

A

neurites

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5
Q

receive messages from other cell; many exist in the cell

A

dendrites

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6
Q

pass messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands; only one in cell

A

axons

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7
Q

contain synaptic vesicles

A

pre-synaptic terminals

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8
Q

contain neurochemical signals essential for neuron function (neurotransmitters)

A

synaptic vesicles

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9
Q

specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the next neuron that bind neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitter receptors

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10
Q

specialized proteins embedded in the membrane of the presynaptic terminal that bind and transport the neurotransmitter back into the presynaptic terminal for breakdown or reuse

A

re-uptake pumps

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11
Q

interneuron; single cell body with 2 neurites

A

bipolar neurons

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12
Q

sensory neuron; single cell body with 1 neurite

A

unipolar neuron

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13
Q

motoneuron; one single axon up to 3 feet long

A

multipolar neuron

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14
Q

explains neuronal function; information flows from dendrite to soma to axon via axodendritic connections (synapses); however cells receive information in the soma, axon, and terminals as well so the theory had to be revised

A

Law of Dynamic Polarization: First Theory

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15
Q

information always flows from presynaptic to postsynaptic cell with regard to a specific synapse

A

Law of Dynamic Polarization: Revised

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16
Q

bring information into the CNS from the body

A

sensory neurons

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17
Q

transmit information out of the CNS to muscles

A

motor neurons

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18
Q

lie between sensory and motor neurons; can be pre or post synaptic dependent on synapse in question

A

interneurons

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19
Q

molecules that have an electric charge (e-charge)

A

polar molecules

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20
Q

opposite charges…

A

attract

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21
Q

like charges…

A

repel

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22
Q

molecules that have no poles and lack e-charge; CANNOT interact with polar molecules like water (major problem in cell function)

A

nonpolar molecules

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23
Q

carbon, hydrogen, grease, oil, and fats are… (regarding charge)

A

nonpolar

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24
Q

when nonpolar molecules acquire a phosplate group; phosphate head attaches to lipid hydrocarbon tail; confest water solubility to normally insoluble fat

A

phospholipids

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25
Q

polar heads interact with water, so they are…

A

hydrophilic

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26
Q

nonpolar tails cannot interact with water, so they are…

A

hydrophobic

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27
Q

have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (major component of nerve cell membranes)

A

amphipathic (phospholipids)

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28
Q

hydrophobic inside (effective barrier to charged particles trying to enter the cell) and hydrophilic outside

A

lipid bilayer

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29
Q

communication could not exist if ____ didn’t exist in the membrane

A

proteins

30
Q

fluid mosaic

A

proteins form hydrophilic channels and pumps that float in the membrane

31
Q

regions of DNA that code for proteins

A

genes

32
Q

genetic sequence that exists in the nucleus of a cell; acts as a template for RNA

A

DNA

33
Q

single stranded copy of DNA molecule with slightly different sugar; genetic intermediary

A

RNA

34
Q

production of an RNA copy of the DNA gene in the nucleus; mRNA codes for specific amino acid sequence and exits to the cytoplasm of cells (allows DNA to go into cell body)

A

transcription

35
Q

proteins are sequences of ___

A

amino acids; 20 essential amino acids

36
Q

some amino acids function as ___

A

neurotransmitters

37
Q

glutamate, aspartate effect

A

neuronal excitation

38
Q

glycine effect

A

neuronal inhibition

39
Q

assembly of amino acids in a specific sequence encoded for by the mRNA - essentially reads mRNA sequence and inserts amino acids in a particular order

A

translation

40
Q

very small proteins released from the nerve cell; act as neurochemical signals between neurons like neurotransmitters (except PHs are proteins, not chemicals like NTs)

A

peptide hormones

41
Q

proteins bound to the cell membrane; bind to neurochemical signals released from nerve cells; convey signals between neurons

A

neurotransmitter transporters and receptors

42
Q

proteins bound to the cell membrane; bind and transport charged salts (sodium, potassium) across cell membranes; establish and maintain electrical signal potential within cells

A

neurotransmitter channels and pumps

43
Q

(actin, tubulin, elastin) determine nerve cell shape and movement; make up cytoskeleton and cellular architecture

A

structural proteins

44
Q

protein catalyst that causes chemical reactions to create products from building blocks; can produce new things or break things down

A

enzyme

45
Q

transport of new proteins to distant locations in the neurites

A

axoplasmic transport

46
Q

brings proteins away from cell body (to neurites)

A

orthograde/anterograde transport

47
Q

brings proteins towards the cell body (from neurites)

A

retrograde transport

48
Q

structural proteins that move proteins

A

microtubules and neurofilaments

49
Q

anterograde transport motor protein (AWAY)

A

kinesin

50
Q

retrograde transport motor proteins (TOWARDS)

A

dynein-dynactin

51
Q

fusion of the synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane; the synaptic vesicle dumps hormonal signals or neurotransmitters into the extracellular space; process of secretion

A

exocytosis

52
Q

a piece of the membrane pinches back to form a new vesicle

A

endocytosis

53
Q

neurons send out neuritic processes; exocytosis > endocytosis; axons from one neuron connect with another neuron to form synapses

A

neuronal growth

54
Q

axons withdraw; exocytosis < endocytosis

A

neuronal pruning

55
Q

stable associations between neurons; endocytosis = exocytosis

A

mature synapse

56
Q

proteins that help nerve cells develop and recognize each other are exchanged between synaptic partners; put out to attract other growing cells; can attract all, but can only connect with a cell that is the same (ex. two 5HT cells)

A

chemical signals (trophic factors)

57
Q

tip of a growing neuronal axon

A

growth cone

58
Q

“finger feet” sent out by the neuronal axon to contact another cell

A

filopodia

59
Q

What does a cell do as it is deciding whether or not to develop signal?

A

withdrawal and approach cycles of growth

60
Q

presynaptic cell increases trophic influence (less neurotransmitters); postsynaptic cell decreases receptor number

A

receptor down-regulation

61
Q

presynaptic cell decreases trophic influence (more neurotransmitters); postsynaptic cell increases receptor number

A

receptor up-regulation

62
Q

reduction in the sensitivity of postsynaptic cell; postsynaptic cell is overwhelmed by amount of neurotransmitters from presynaptic cell; decreases number of receptors and becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitter presence

A

desensitization

63
Q

presynaptic cell decreases trophic influence; starves postsynaptic cell; postsynaptic increase receprots becomes supersensitive to any of the remaining neurotransmitter around the cell

A

denervation supersensitivity

64
Q

synapse on the soma (cell body)

A

axosomatic synapse

65
Q

synapse on an axon

A

axoaxonic synapse

66
Q

synapse on a terminal

A

axosynaptic synapse

67
Q

associated with a single neuronal axon; when an axon is severed, forms a guidance tube to guide regenerating end of the axon to target end to help it heal and regenerate

A

Schwann cells

68
Q

Schwann cells are located in the __

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

69
Q

oligodendrocytes are located in the __

A

central nervous system (CNS)

70
Q

each supports several axons, when axon is damaged, the __ fails to respond so damage is permanent

A

oligodendrocyte

Biopsych (11 decks)

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